20. Ibid. 
21. C. Donald Deggendorf, A Short History of the Academy of Science 
of St. Louis (Bank of St. Louis: St. Louis, 1960), 6 
22. ‘‘Journal of Proceedings, January 12, 1857,’’ TAS 1 (1856-1860): 
33. Paul Heroult and Charles Martin Hall independently developed practical, 
relatively inexpensive processes for extracting aluminum from alumina in 1886. 
23. William Trelease, ‘‘The Academy of Science of St. Louis: A 
Biography,’’ Popular Science Monthly 63 (December, 1903): 117. 
24. Minutes of Meeting, 4 August 1856, MCB 1856-1872, 13-14. 
25. ‘‘Journal of Proceedings, January 11, 1858,’’ TAS 1 and 2; ‘‘Minutes 
of Meetings,’’ MCB 1856-1872, AAS. 
26. ‘‘Journal of Proceddings, January 11, 1858,’’ TAS 1 and 2. 
27. ‘‘Journal of Proceedings, January 11, 1858,’’ TAS 1 (1856. 1860): 
aeo. 
28. See, Minutes of Meeting, 3 January 1870, MCB 1856-1872, 385-386; 
Trelease, ‘“The Academy of Science of St. Louis’’: 124; Minutes of Meeting, 
4 January, 1869, MCB 1856-1872, 364-372; ‘‘Journal of Proceedings, January 
11, 1858,’’ TAS 1 (1856-1860): 107; and Minutes of Meeting, 3 January 1881, 
MCB 1873-1885, 365. 
29. George Engelmann, ‘‘Fall of Rain (Including Melted Snow) in St. 
Louis from 1839 to 1861,’’ TAS 1 (1856-1860): 660-662; ‘‘Elevation of St. 
Louis Above the Gulf of Mexico,’’ TAS 1 (1856-1860): 663-667; ‘‘Stage of 
the Mississippi River at St. Louis in 1861,’’ TAS 1 (1856-1860): 80-86. The 
other articles mentioned can be seen in TAS 1 and 2. 
30. Albert Koch, ‘‘Mastodon Remains in the State of Missouri,’’ TAS 
1 (1856-1860): 61-64. See also John Francis McDermott, ‘‘Dr. Koch’s 
Wonderful Fossils,’’ Missouri Historical Society Bulletin 4 (July, 1948): 
233-256. 
31. Koch: 61-62. 
32. Ibid.: 62. 
33. A. Wislizenus, ‘‘Was Man Contemporaneous With the Mastodon?”’ 
TAS 1 (1856-1860): 168-171. 
34. “Journal of Proceedings, April 5, 1858,’’ TAS 1 (1856-1860): 
115-117. 
35. Mastodons migrated widely over Eurasia during the Miocene and 
reached North America near the middle of the epoch via the Siberian-Alaskan 
land bridge. The Pleistocene species may have been exterminated by humans 
within the last several thousand years. 
36. Holmes later became a strong believer in the theory of evolution. 
See D.K. Greger, ‘‘Nathaniel Holmes,”’ Academy of Science of St. Louis 
Bulletin 1 (April, 1935): 28. 
37. See, for example, Hiram A. Prout, ‘Description of New Species 
of zehner from Texas and New Mexico,”’ TAS 1 (1856-1860): 228-237. 
38. C.C. Parry, ‘‘Ascent of Pike’s Peak, say 1, 1861,” TAS 2 
(1861- 86): 120-125. 
39. 
C. Parry, ‘Account of the Passage Through the Grand Canyon 
74 
