Figure 3. — Commercial piece-dyeing in England (Tomlinson, 1854). 



A. Logwood-cutting machine — reduces blocks of logwood to usable chips. 



B. Logwood sawdust dye tubs — logwood is soaked before put into dye-beck. 



C. Mordanting: an alum cistern. At left center the unmordanted cloth is drawn into the 



cistern on the left, rolled overhead, drawn through a wringer, then stacked on the 

 right. 



D. Dye-beck (dye vat). A worker winds the cloth over and under a series of rollers, keeping 



the cloth moving continuously through the dyebath to promote even dyeing. 



E. Water extractor on the right, finished cloth being rolled on the left. 



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