16 S. V. Wood,jun. — American and British Surface- Oeology. 



Lincolnshire, and to the Fen and other country adjoining it, have, I 

 think, led him to the views which he expresses by his diagram and 

 description. I should, however, have thought that it would have 

 occurred to him that such material as that of which the chalky clay 

 of the Eastern counties is composed, comprising as it does the debris 

 in abundance of all rocks from the Chalk to the Lias, and extending 

 in one direction to the coast of Suffolk, and in another to the brow 

 of the Thames Valley, could not have resulted from the action 

 he represents. Had it done so, instead of consisting of the large 

 proportion of Jurassic debris that it does, we ought to find a belt of 

 it on the north-east side of these counties formed of Crag and 

 Eocene debris only, succeeded south-westwards by one of Eocene 

 and Chalk debris only, and on the west of those counties by one of 

 Chalk only, all of them tree from Jurassic debris of any kind ; but, as is 

 well known, nothing of the sort exists. Similarly, also, had this N.E. 

 to S.W., or Scandinavian direction of the moraine prevailed over the 

 Wold, the western side of some of its northern or Yorkshire portion 

 should have been flanked with a similar mass of reconstructed chalk 

 to that which flanks its southern or Lincolnshire extremity; but none 

 of it is so, though there is an abundance of flint gravel there, which 

 I consider belongs to a later date — that of the Hessle-beds probably. 



So far from ice moving from Scandinavia having had any part in 

 the glaciation of Britain, I can discover no evidence either of the 

 action or influence of any other ice than that which descended from 

 British mountains ; and notwithstanding all that has been urged by 

 Dr. Croll or Mr. J. Geikie to the contrary, I contend that no ice 

 extraneous to Britain had any part in its glaciation ; and that 

 throughout the Glacial period open sea existed between Britain and 

 Scandinavia, though at or after the close of it the southern portion 

 of the North Sea between England and Holland became converted 

 into land. 



Having dealt with what appear to be the formations attending 

 the inception, culmination, and wane of the major glaciation or true 

 Glacial period, I now come to the formations immediately antecedent 

 to, and those synchronous with, and succeeding the minor glaciation ; 

 that is to say, to the formations of the post- Glacial period. 



English. 1 St. Lawrence Basin. 



The series of beds posterior to the general emergence The forest surface and 



of England. This series includes the Hessle beds and its associated beds with 

 their equivalents of the north-east ; and the Middle sand great mammalia that 

 and Upper Boulder (Brick) clay, their equivalents in the rest on the Erie clay 

 north-west. Also the mud-bed of Selsea and its over- "^^ ^ ^ - - ■ ^ 

 lying gravel with great erratics. Also the river-gravels 

 and brick-earths with Palaeolithic implements, some of 

 which are of much earlier origin than others. During 

 the formation of the beds of this series, especially of the 

 older part of it, great changes were taking place in the 

 distribution of land and sea over England, due to the 

 continuation of the disturbances which commenced under 

 the Upper Glacial sea. 



The beds '6a which over- 

 lay this forest surface. 

 The marine clays of the 

 Lower St. Lawrence. 

 The terrace formation of 

 Ohio (beds No. 4) and 

 the Kames and Eskers 

 of the Canadian High- 

 lands. 



