Reviews — Geological Survey of India. 313 



Geology of Kashmir, Kislitawar and Pangi " (Lydekker), both, 

 accompanied by coloured geological maps ; " Notices of Siwalik 

 Mammals " (Lydekker) ; " The Palaeontological Eelations of the 

 Gondwana System, a reply to Dr. Feistmantel " (Blanford, W. T.) ; 

 " Note on Punjab Erratics " (Wynne) ; and the usual lists of addi- 

 tions to the Library. . 



In the Annual Eeport the Superintendent describes the nature of 

 the Survey operations, and the progress made since the last Eeport 

 "was published, entering at some length into the subject of explora- 

 tions for coal, which seem to have had in general rather negative 

 results. The recent Survey of the Sind Tertiary marine and fresh- 

 water rocks are fully noticed, and the suggestion made that the Sind 

 sections may furnish an important clue to the horizons of con- 

 temporaneous strata in the Tertiary region of the sub or outer 

 Himalayan belt, where it is admitted that the changes in the com- 

 position of the deposits, and the great disturbance which these have 

 undergone, present a constant obstacle to tracing contemporaneous 

 zones. 



The latter part of the Eeport is occupied by a disclaimer, in 

 language sometimes strong, at others most liberal, of responsibility 

 for the views and opinions conveyed in the papers which it becomes 

 the duty of the Superintendent to edit in the Survey publications. 



Mr. Hughes's paper treats of a district chiefly occupied by the 

 Gondwana system, and prominently so by the interesting Kota-Maleri 

 sub-group with its interesting fossil fish Lepidotus, Dapedius, and 

 Ceratodus, and the reptiles Parasuchus and Hyperodapedon, together 

 with a considerable number of fossil plants. These Gondwana rocks 

 are underlain by the Vindhan and Metamorphic groups, all being 

 unconformably overspread by outliers of the bedded " Deccan trap 

 group." 



Mr. Lydekker's paper and map give us what is likely to develope 

 into a complete Geological Survey and description of the interest- 

 ing country and neighbourhood of Kashmir, a thing which has been 

 long desired. Mr. Lydekker's map still shows blank spaces, but so 

 much ground has been covered that a fair estimate can be formed of 

 the chief geological formations to be found. 



The oldest of these are gneiss rocks seen at Darcha, the Wardwan 

 valley and Zanskar range, and in the range of Dhaoladar. The age 

 of this gneiss is undetermined, and it is overlain by another gneiss 

 formation seen in Kulu, on the Pir Panjal range, and overlying the 

 former gneiss at Wardwan and Lanskar range. 



Eesting on this are the slates and limestones of Pangi and Lahul, 

 overlain by the Lower Pir Panjal slates, and the lower slates and 

 trappoid rocks of the Kashmir valley and its vicinity. Newer than 

 these are the trappoid rocks of the Wular lake neighbourhood, upon 

 which come the Upper Pir Panjal slates, shales and trappoid rocks ; 

 both groups being considered 'of Upper Silurian age, while the 

 underlying slates and trappoid rocks mentioned above are classed as 

 Lower Silurian and Cambrian (?). 



Above this slate and trappoid series is a mass of limestones, 



