THE CAMPANULABIDiE AND THE BONNEVIELLIDjE. 9 



the diaphragm and for the drawings which he has permitted me to use in this work. Mr. Paar- 

 mann undertook the investigation of the diaphragm as a part of his dissertation for the degree 

 of master of science from the State University of Iowa, and the sections made by him are now 

 deposited in the Museum of Natural History of the university and form the basis for the dis- 

 cussion of the diaphragm in the present work. 



Levinsen says that all campanularians with a creeping rootstock or fascicled stem have a 

 diaphragm which is composed of the two distinct parts spoken of above, and places all such 

 species in the genus Campanularia. All species which have a diaphragm simple, i. e., not 

 composed of two parts, he places in the genus Laomedea, regarding Ohelia, GonotJiyrsea, etc., 

 as subgenera oi Laomedea. 



Tliis attempt to settle the much-involved classification of the Campanularidse, Uke the< 

 similar attempt to settle the classification of the Sertulaiidse by the use of the operculum,^ 



ILLUSTEATIONS OP SIMPLE DiAPHKAGMS OF THE CAMPANiiL ARIB^ . ^(All after Paarmann, MS.) 



Fig. 24. — Clytia bieopJiora. 

 Fig. 25. — Campanularia calceolifei 

 Fig. 26. — Campanuluria fiexuosa. 

 Fig. 27. — Campanularia angulata. 



Fig. 28. — Campanularia neglecta. 

 Fig. 29. — Campanularia amphora. 

 Fig. 30. — Ohelia commissuralis. 



d, DiapJiragm. 



Fig. 3\..—0beUa diclioioma. 

 Fig. 32. — Gonotkyrsea loveni. 

 Fig. 33.— Obelia hyalina. 



Fig. 3i.— Ohelia longixsima. 

 Fig. 35. — Obelaria gelatinosa. 

 Fig. 36. — TOhelia longicyatlia. 



has given rise to much protest on the part of subsequent writers. Schneider,^ after a somewhat 

 full discussion, concludes as f oUows : 



Die diaphragmabeschaffenheit hat fur die Systematik der Genera gar keine bedeutung. 



Later, Calkins^ discusses the matter with care and, in reference to Levinsen's statement 

 that in free branching forms the diaphragm shows no such distinction of outer and inner parts, 

 says: 



The application of this latter differential in placing species leads only to confusion worse confounded. 



1 See Part II, p. 20, of this work. 



^ Hydroidpolypen von Rovigno, 1897, p. 512. 



3 Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 346. 



