probably due to poor compaction methods used during construction. Since construction, 

 wave conditions in Long Beach Harbor have dislocated sections of armor rock. In repairing 

 these sections, rock sizes have been increased, the largest being 8 tons instead of the original 



5 tons. These replacement sections are proving to be more satisfactory than the original 

 design. 



(9) Effect of Structure on Environment. 



(a) Pliysical. Although ocean-generated waves can enter the harbor unobstructed 

 from the southeast, tliey cause reflected waves in various directions within the harbor up to 



6 feet. 



(b) Biota. Heavy marine growth on armor stone, attracting fish and sport 

 fishermen to immediate areas of tlie islands. 



(c) Aesthetics. Since the THUMS drilling islands are directly offshore from the 

 civic center and beaches, aesthetics are of importance. City requirements for the THUMS 

 project were probably the most stringent ever imposed on the oil industry, even inducing 

 voluntary moves by the industry for maintaining the natural appearance of the area. 

 Screens, lighting, free-form structures, landscape planting, and artificial waterfalls were built 

 to serve the double purpose of beautification and concealment of drilling and producing 

 operations (Fig. 10). Island-producing facilities are above ground, but all wellheads are 

 recessed in multiple-well cellars. 



As a result of these efforts, the islands have won two awards for engineering and 

 aesthetic design. Local feeling is that the drilling islands enhance the harbor view rather than 

 detract from it. 



(10) Engineering. 



(a) Engineering Design. Moffatt and Nichol, Engineers, 250 W. Wardlow Road, 

 Long Beach, California 90807. 



(b) Aesthetic Design. Linesch and Associates, 320 Bixby Road, Long Beach, 

 California 90807 (formerly Linesch and Reynolds). 



(11) Construction Contractors. Connally Pacific Company, 1925 Water Street, Long 

 Beach, CaUfornia 90802. 



(12) Construction Date. June 1965 to March 1967 (four islands). 



(13) Construction Cost. Cost breakdown for construction of a typical lO-acre island 

 from THUMS Long Beach Company: 



(a) Dredge fill, 1,000,000 cubic yards at $0.70 per cubic yard, $ 700,000 



(b) Quarry rock, 80,000 cubic yards at $6.25 per cubic yard, 500,000 



(c) Armor rock, 35,000 tons at $5.14 per ton, 180,000 



(d) Sheet piUng, dolphins, etc., 390,000 



(e) Gravel cover, engineering, etc., 130,000 



Total $1,900,000 



26 



