Fox and Davis (1970a) and Davis and Fox (1971) reported on a 30-day period 

 of monitoring environmental processes and shore response on Lake Michigan near 

 profile line 16. During this period a major storm with maximum breaker 

 heights of 1.8 meters caused significant beach changes (Fox and Davis, 1970b). 

 Fox and Davis (1971) and Davis and Fox (1971, 1972) reported on a similar 

 study at profile line 11 near Holland, Michigan. Results from these two 

 studies were used to develop a computer simulation model of coastal processes 

 (Fox and Davis, 1972, 1973). 



Maresca (1975) studied both long- and short-term changes to a shoreline 

 reach south of the present study area. He determined long-term recession 

 rates using aerial photos from 1950, 1955, 1960, 1967, and 1973. Short-term 

 changes were determined by monitoring eight storms between August and December 

 1973. The data collected included beach and bluff profiles surveyed at 15- 

 meter intervals along the shore. Maresca documented the importance of storms 

 and found considerable variations in recession rate between closely spaced 

 profile lines. 



Armstrong, et al. (1975), under contract to the U.S. Army Engineer 

 Division, North Central, prepared an extensive assessment of erosion and 

 flooding damage which occurred during the 1972-74 high water period. The 

 initial study included only Muskegon and Manistee counties, but the study was 

 later expanded to include all Michigan counties. 



Berg and Collinson (1976) presented a thorough analysis of bluff recession 

 including volumetric losses for the Lake Michigan shore of Illinois. They 

 determined that a lake level in excess of 176.5 meters IGLD is needed for 

 significant bluff recession. In addition, bluff recession lags behind an 

 increase in lake level because of the protection offered by well-developed 

 beaches and vegetation. Similarly, as lake levels fall, recession continues 

 until the bluffs are revegetated. 



A number of studies have also been done on the offshore bar system, an 

 important feature of the lakeshore bathymetry. Davis and McGeary (1965) 

 discussed the nearshore bar system near Stevensville, Michigan, identifying 

 the first two bars and their composition. During a 3-month summer period 

 (June to August 1963) they found bar features relatively stable. The first 

 bar was located at a 1.1-meter depth about 99 meters from shore; the second 

 bar at a 2.4-meter depth was 229 meters from the shoreline. 



Saylor and Hands (1970) and Hands (1976) discussed the influence of 

 increasing lake levels on the shoreward movement of the bar system. Hands 

 (1979) presented a linear relationship between increases in water level and 

 mean shore retreat. The relationship is based on observations of shore 

 movement during periods of 2 to 8 years when the lake level rose rapidly then 

 began to decline. Although based on measurements taken along a 50-kilometer 

 stretch of shore in three counties (Mason, Oceana, and Muskegon), the 

 relationship is proposed as an empirical guide for estimating the mean shore 

 retreat which might be expected to occur simultaneously with, and as a result 

 of, water level changes at locations with similar geomorphic and environmental 

 conditions. Hands (1980) presents a more comprehensive model for estimating 

 the ultimate shore retreat necessary to eventually reestablish an equilibrium 

 sand profile, based on conservation of sediment volumes. The approach permits 

 explicit accounting for local sediment characteristics, wave exposure, and 

 geomorphology. 



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