ROUTE OX FIRST X'OYAGE 35 



ocean currents and the prexailing winds should espe- 

 cially be noted. These things were particularly im- 

 portant in crossing the Atlantic with sails. A proper 

 study of winds and currents might, under the cir- 

 cumstances, therefore, be denominated scientific 

 preparation for the great voyage, especially so if the 

 conduct of the voyage indicates the proper utiliza- 



Of previous serious efforts to reconstruct the trans-Atlantic tracks of 

 the first voyage on the basis of the entries of the log book abstract four 

 are known to the writer: (i) the map showing the routes of the four 

 voj'ages on the equatorial scale of 1:17,500,000, in Vol. i of Navarrete, 

 work cited on p. 60, footnote 10 (copied without credit on PI. 9 of Giu- 

 seppe Banchero's "La tavola di bronzo, il pallio di seta, ed il Codice 

 Colomboamericano," Genoa, 1857); (2) the map showing the westward 

 route of the first voyage on the equatorial scale of i :25,ooo,ooo on page 4 

 of [Oskar Peschel]: Das Schiffsbuch des Entdeckers von Amerika bei 

 seiner Ueberfahrt iiber das atlantische Meer, Das Atisland, Vol. 40, 1867, 

 pp. i-ii; (3) the table of daily positions in latitude and longitude of the 

 westward route of the first voyage adjusted to probable magnetic declina- 

 tion in 1492, on pp. 416-417 of C. A. Schott: An Inquiry Into the Vari- 

 ation of the Compass Off the Bahama Islands at the Time of the Landfall 

 of Columbus in 1492, Appendix No. 19 to U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 

 Rept. for 1880, Washington, 1882, pp. 412-417; (4) the map by E. G. 

 R[avenstein] showing the routes of the four voyages on the scale of 

 1:80,000,000 forming the map facing p. i in C. R. Markham's "Life 

 of Christopher Columbus," London, 1892 (copied in Filson Young's 

 "Christopher Columbus and the New World of His Discovery," 2 vols., 

 London, 1906, and, without credit, in E. G. Bourne's "Spain in America, 

 1450-1580," New York, 1904). On the maps by Giuseppi Pennesi accom- 

 panying P. Amat di S. Filippo: Biografia dei viaggiatori italiani colla 

 bibliografia delle loro opere ("Studi Bibliografici e Biografici suUa Storia 

 della Geografia in Italia," published on the occasion of the Second 

 International Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Societa Geogra- 

 fica Italiana, 2nd edition. Vol. i, Rome, 1882) the route of Columbus' 

 first voyage (on Tavola I; equatorial scale, 1:90,000,000) is somewhat 

 generalized. 



Although, for the purpose of tying in the route, the endpoints of the 

 outward and homeward voyages are known this is not strictly the case 

 with regard to the western endpoint of the outward voj-age — the landfall 

 of October 12, 1492. It is the belief of the writer that the identity of 

 Columbus' San Salvador is not possible of definitive solution today. On 



