144 



CONCEPTIONS OF COLUMBUS 



Cartographers' difficQlties in represent- 

 ing New World, 139 



Cartography as basis for a new study 

 of Columbus, 56 



Castaneda, Pedro de, 90 



Cat Island, 35. 36 



Catalan atlas of 137S, 76, 81 



Catalan world map of 1450, 20; equa- 

 tor's position, 23 



Catamounts, 134 



Cathay, 61, 62, 83, 112 



Cats, 134 



Cattlgara, 28, 29, 60, 61, 62, 69, 83, 139 



Central America, Caribbean coast of, 

 74 



C banning, Edward, 55 



Charts, 18; Columbus' criticism of con- 

 temporary, 18; portolano, value, 18, 

 19. See also Portolano charts 



Chin, Sea of, 63, 64, 73 



China, 62; distance from Lisbon, 89 



Churchill, Awnsham and John, 36, 124 



Ciamba, 64, 72, 73. 74. 82, 115 



Ciguare, 60, 74 



Cipangu, 62, 69, 70, 74, 83, 129, 130, 132 



Circumference of the earth, length ac- 

 cording to Columbus, 10, 28; various 

 estimates, 28 



Cities, great, absence of, 70, 76, 86 



Civao, 70 



Columbus, Bartholomew, maps, 28, 58, 

 61, 64, 66-68 (ills.), 81, 83; views, 87 



Columbus, Christopher, i; "Arte de 

 Navegar" letter, 43; belief he had 

 reached Asia, 54, 76; books and maps 

 used by him, 57; cartographical 

 evidence as to his belief in Asia, 56; 

 criticism of contemporary charts, 18, 

 21; date of formulation of his con- 

 cepts, 25, 26, 27; determination of 

 the length of a terrestrial degree, 2; 

 discovery of sailing routes across the 

 Atlantic, 50, 51, 52; errors, character 

 of, 30; estimate of the circumference 

 of the earth, 10, 28; estimate of the 

 size of the world, 10, 11; first voyage 

 31 (see also Voyage of 1492); fourth 

 voyage, geographical conceptions 

 during, 60, 66-68 (maps); fourth 

 voyage, letter of July 7, 1503. 60, 61; 

 identifications made on his fourth 

 voyage, 70; map constructed to show 

 his ideas of eastern Asia on his fourth 

 voyage, 65, opp. 88 (ill.); measuring 

 a degree, method employed by him, 

 13; movements on his fourth voyage 

 as reflection of his views, 71; naviga- 

 tion, problem of, 41; navigation, 

 proficiency in, 43, 53; measurement 

 of a degree, source of error in his cal- 

 culation, 22; statements from his 

 writing as to the length of a degree, 6; 

 statements as to the length of a degree 

 analyzed, 11; Mgnaud's criticisms as 

 to his knowledge of the length of a 

 degree, 2, 5; visit to Guinea, 25, 26 



Columbus, Diego, 48 



Columbus, Ferdinand, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 

 43. 103, 104, 124 



Cordier, Henri, 62 



Cornejo, 126, 136 



Correa, Pero, 39 



Corte-Real, Caspar, 131 



Corte-Real, Miguel, 131 



Corte-Real land, 128, 131 



Costa alta, 119 



Costa de Perlas, 81, 82, 86 



Costa del mar vgiano, 118 



Costa Rica, 73 



Cronau, Rudolf, 36 



Cruz, Cape, 103 



Cuba, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73. 74. 78, 82, 83. 

 92, 115. 128, 137, 138, 139. 141; 

 Cantino map and unknown land in 

 relation to Cuba discussed by Har- 

 risse, 97; length, 85; names given 

 by Columbus compared with those 

 on northwestern land on Cantino map, 

 102; names of La Cosa's map com- 

 pared with those on northwestern 

 land on Cantino map, 104 



Currents, 42; Columbus' study of, 43 



"De spera," 9 



Deane, Charles, 129 



Degree of longitude, length of, i; Co- 

 lumbus' method of measuring, 13; 

 Columbus' statements as to, 6; com- 

 monly estimated before the time of 

 Columbus, 5,16; correct value, 26; 

 determination by Columbus, i; 

 Eratosthenes' measurement, 13, 14; 

 error in time of Columbus, 6; im- 

 portance of, in the project of Co- 

 lumbus, 27; various estimates, 28 



Dias, Bartholomew, 7, 8, 11 



Earth, size of, 26, 28, 29; size in Colum- 

 bus' estimation, 11 



East, distance to, 29 



Eclipses, 12 



el golfo bavo, 126, 127 



El Mina, 7 



English Channel, 44 



Equator, 10, 12; position, 25; position 

 on various maps, 23; Upper Guinea 

 coast in relation to, on maps of Africa, 

 23. 24, 25 



Eratosthenes' measurement of the 

 length of a degree, 13, 14 



Esdras. Books of, 11 



Espanola, 69, 70, 73. 74. 76, 83, 92, 124, 

 130, 139 



Espinosa, Caspar de. 51 



Euphrates River, 65 



Fernandez Duro, Cesareo, 40, 49, 72 



Ferrara, Duke of, 131 



Ferro, 45 



Fihppo, P. Amat di S., 35 



