computational time reduces the work involved in ensuring correct phrasing. 

 This scheme also involves errors in the computations due to incorrect 

 depths, but for evaluation of the peak surge the solution would be more 

 satisfactory. In the examples we will use the latter technique. 



Section VI. APPLICATION 



1. General 



Because the numerical model described here is quasi-two-dimensional, 

 calculations can be carried out manually, although for most problems 

 there is a considerable amount of work involved. Use of high-speed 

 electronic computers for performing the storm-surge calculations not 

 only reduces the work, but reduces the chances for error. Thus, when 

 electronid computers are available, machine computations are generally 

 preferred, particularly when several storm-surge estimates are to be made. 

 In the case of either the SPH or PNIH, several separate computations are 

 generally needed to ensure proper selection of the storm characteristics 

 for a specific location on the coast. Consequently, manual computations 

 would be very laborious. However, the method for carrying storm-surge 

 computations manually is shown by an example as well as by machine 

 computations. 



The formulas presented have been discussed from the viewpoint of 

 evaluating water elevations associated with hurricanes. However, nothing 

 restricts the formulas from being used for predicting a surge from extra- 

 tropical storms provided the storm moves in a shoreward direction over 

 the Continental Shelf. For some coastal regions where hurricanes are not 

 experienced or where strong onshore winds may produce higher surges than 

 hurricanes, the numerical method presented may be useful in predicting 

 setup at shore arising from high winds. Computations of extratropical 

 wind surge in regions where water levels associated with hurricanes are 

 dominant, may provide insight in calibrating the numerical model for a 

 specific location. Thus, estimates of open-coast surge can be made for 

 wind storms as well as hurricanes. 



2. Storm Surge Computer Program 



A program listing for estimating the open-coast storm surge is given 

 in the Appendix. This program is written in FORTRAN IV, for the UNIVAC 

 1108 and EXEC II operating system. The UNIVAC 1108 used has 64,000 words 

 of core memory and additional memory from magnetic drums and tapes. 

 Numerous comment cards have been provided in the program to identify the 

 symbols and to give a running commentary of the procedures employed. 

 This program with its moderate memory capacity requirements and program 

 simplicity can be readily adapted to other machines in most cases. 



Input to the program is supplied by cards. Considerably more cards 

 are required for computing storm-surge associated with actual or observed 

 hurricanes than for computing surge associated with hypothetical hurri- 

 canes such as the SPH or PMH. Much of the basic information needed for 



27 



