APPENDIX II 

 OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM - I96O 



A program of oceanographic data collection similar to that of 

 1959 vjas conducted during the fall of I96O0 Observations of the 

 formation and growth of ice on Worth Star Bugt were initiated on 6 

 October, On this date grease and pancake ice were observed in the 

 shallow water area northeast of De Long pier. By 30 October most 

 of the bay was covered with drifting floes of young ice approxi- 

 mately one inch thick. Strong easterly winds with gusts to 50 

 knots completely cleared the bay of ice on 3 November. Ice began 

 to form again on 5 November, and a ten-tenths concentration of 

 young ice was attained by 7 November with exception of an ice-free 

 area adjacent to the pier. 



Commencing 8 October and terminating 7 November, serial tempera- 

 ture and salinity data were obtained at k stations. The locations 

 of Stations 1 and 2 concurred with the locations of Stations 1 and 

 2 for 1959 as shown in Figure 2. Station 3 was located approximately 

 100 feet north of Station 1, while Station h was located just off 

 the shoreward end of the pier. The data are presented in Appendix 

 VI. Surface temperature and salinity values for Station 1 are plot- 

 ted in Figixre 11. 



Data were taken at Station h for comparison of the oceanographic 

 structure outside the bubbled area with that of the water column at 

 Station 1 during the early period of ice growth on the bay. Occupa- 

 tion of Station h necessitated breaking thro\igh the ice cover. Sharp 

 rises in surface water temperature were observed on 21 and 24 October j 

 easterly winds with speed maximums of 51 and hd knots, respectively, 

 were recorded on these dates. Although no data below the 10-meter 

 level are available, it is evident, as Indicated by the temperature 

 and salinity data presented in Appendix VI, that the wind affected 

 vertical mixing throughout North Star Bugt. 



On 10 October, the surface temperature at Station 1 was -1.5^° C; 

 the salinity was 32.30 °/oo. On 15 October, the surface temperature 

 at Station 2 was -1.77° C with grease ice forming in the area; sur- 

 face temperature in the ice-free bubbled area was -1.68° C, Surface 

 values of -1.8l° C and 32.82 °/oo were recorded at Station 1 on 29 

 October; the bubbling system was not in operation, and a considerable 

 amount of grease and slush ice was forming on the bay. 



Activation of the bubbling system on the following day resulted 

 in quick dispersal of all ice from the bubbled area. Light grease 

 and slush ice being swept from divergent regions and transported 

 beneath the surface in convergent regions confirmed one aspect of 

 the proposed model of induced circulation. Surface temperature of 

 -1.82° C within the bubbled area indicates supercooling, since the 

 calculated freezing point was -1.79° C. 



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