Section II. METHODS OF PIPE INSTALLATION 



1 . New Jersey Beaches 



On the New Jersey beaches, the pipes used were 21 feet long 

 (standard pipe length), 1^- inch diameter galvanized iron. Standard pipe 

 caps were fitted temporarily on the pipe, and the pipes were marked at 

 the 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-foot points, measured from the top of the caps. 

 At these intervals, the pipes were drilled and tapped for a 3/8-inch hex 

 head bolt, and the distance (in feet) from the cap top was stamped on 

 the bolts. 



After removing the cap, the pipes were jetted into the sand using 

 water under pressure. Usually, water from fire hydrants was used. At 

 Atlantic City, as much as 1,200 feet of hose was necessary, some of which 

 was loaned by the Atlantic City Fire Department. At Ludlam Island, the 

 pipes were too far from a hydrant, but the local fire department (Sea Isle 

 City) loaned a pump truck that maintained the pressure needed to emplace 

 the pipes. Sixty pounds of pressure was usually adequate. On Long Beach 

 Island, there was some difficulty in maintaining sufficient water 

 pressure because of a permeable layer in the sand, associated with a 

 muck layer about 3 to 4 feet below "the surface. 



In a typical installation, two men held the pipe, one man held the 

 hose, one man with a transit kept the pipe in line, and one man controlled 

 the water supply. On the New Jersey beaches, the pipes were jetted 13 

 feet into the sand at 50-foot intervals. After emplacement, government- 

 property signs were wired to the pipe, and reflecting tape was attached. 

 No pipes were lost in winter, but in the summer two pipes were lost from 

 the dune end of a profile on Ludlam Island. Pipes were removed (from Long 

 Beach Island and Atlantic City) by using wrenches; the pipes came out 

 easily with a twisting motion. 



2. Long Island Beaches 



At 50-foot intervals along four profiles on Long Island, 10-foot 

 pipe lengths were pounded into the beach to ground level; then 5-foot 

 lengths were coupled to the top of the buried lengths. Probably because 

 of stress concentration at the couplings, the pipes on the Long Island 

 beaches had a tendency to fail. Also, the Long Island beaches had more 

 trouble from vandals who tampered with or removed pipes, necessitating 

 their resetting by the surveyors. New Jersey beaches had no reported 

 vandalism during the period of data collection. There were times on all 

 beaches when data could not be collected at the most seaward pipes because 

 erosion had left them too deep in the water to allow a reading of sand 

 level. 



