155. MACLEOD, D. C, "Durban's Submarine Outfalls, with Special Reference to Measures 

 Taken to Prevent Pollution," Proceedings of the Engineering Committee on Oceanic 

 Resources Symposium on the Ocean's Challenge to South African Engineers, Nov. 

 1972. 



Keywords: Durban, South Africa, Submarine outfalls. Waste pipeline 



A summary is presented of investigations carried out to study the effects of two major 

 sea outfalls discharging settled sewage and industrial wastes off the coast of Durban, South 

 Africa, on the environment and marine life of the area. Field studies and model experiments 

 were carried out to obtain data on which to base decisions on the feasibiUty of the 

 proposals, and also to establish design criteria for the proposed outfalls. After the outfalls 

 were designed and constructed, further investigating and monitoring were carried out to 

 evaluate the performance of the completed submarine outfaUs. The economic considerations 

 and costs of the project are also,briefly discussed. 



156. MANLEY, R. B., Jr., "An Evaluation of the Erosion-Corrosion Survey Program in the 

 Vermillion Block 14 Field," Offshore Technology Conference, Vol. I, May 1972, 

 pp. I629-I641. 



Keywords: Erosion-Corrosion survey. Pipeline thickness measurements 



Paper describes a survey method used to determine the tlunning of pipe walls due to 

 erosion and corrosion, so that ruptures in production equipment piping can be detected 

 before they occur, allowing the weak pipe sections to be replaced. Ultrasonic wall thickness 

 measurements were made periodically at all critical points in a pipeline system, and a 

 computer analysis was made of the data to determine the rates of thinning of the pipe walls 

 at the critical sections. The equipment, procedure, and results of the survey are discussed, 

 along with the method of computer analysis. 



157. MASSAD, A. H., "Cathodic Protection of Offshore Structures," Petroleum Engineer, 

 Vol. 29, No. 5, May 1957, pp. B73-B74, B76, B80. 



Keywords: Cathodic protection system. Submerged pipe 



Cathodic protection systems for offshore oil platforms and submerged piping 

 equipment are reviewed. Magnesium ano(Je and impressed current systems are both 

 discussed. Impressed current systems are more economical for most situations due to their 

 relatively long service life, but they can only be used where a permanent electrical power 

 supply is available. Several examples of the application of cathodic protection systems for 

 specific situations are discussed. 



158. McCAMMON, L. B., and LEE, F. C, "Undersea Aqueduct System," Journal of the 

 American Water-Works Association, Vol. 58, July 1966, pp. 885—892. 



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