167. OAKLEY, H. R., and DYER, E. A., "Investigation of Sea Outfalls for Tynside Sewage 

 Disposal," Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. 33, Feb. 1966, 

 pp. 201-230; discussion in Vol. 30, Mar. 1967, pp. 633-649. 



Keywords: OutfaU pipeline 



Paper discusses the results of a study for a proposed sewage outfall off the coast of 

 Great Britain. The investigation included the following: (a) A bacteriological and biological 

 survey; (b) float, current meter, and drift card observations; (c) operation of tidal model 

 with imposed wind-induced currents to supplement the oceanographic data taken; and (d) a 

 feasibility study to determine construction difficulties. 



168. O'CONNELL, H. E., "New Techniques for Offshore PipeUning," Pipeline Construc- 

 tion, July 1957; also in A Collection of Papers on Underground Pipeline Corrosion, 

 Vol. 3, 1959, pp. 127-133. 



Keywords: Los Angeles, Cahfornia, Outfall pipeline 



Paper discusses the procedure and equipment used to lay a 7-mile 22-inch-diameter 

 steel ocean outfall for sludge discharge of tlie City of Los Angeles. The pipe was welded and 

 coated onshore, launched from a pier, and puUed to sea by a barge and winch anchored 

 offshore. A sled was used in the pipe-puUing operation, and a trenching machine was used to 

 bury the inshore end of the pipeline. 



169. O'DONNELL, J. P., "Offshore Pipelining: A Special Report," Oil and Gas Journal, 

 Dec. 1966, p. 67. 



Keywords: Cook Inlet, Alaska, Louisiana, North Sea, Offshore pipelining, Persian Gulf 



Report discusses the expansion of pipelaying operations from the Louisiana gulf and 

 Persian Gulf to the rougher areas of Cook Inlet, Alaska, and the North Sea. The conditions 

 and problems associated with each area are described. Offshore costs and mobilization fees 

 for offshore pipeline projects are discussed and examples of several pipehne projects in these 

 areas are given. 



170. O'DONNELL, J. P., "High Costs in Time and Money, Emphasize Continuous 

 Operation," Oil and Gas Journal, Vol. 64, No. 50, Dec. 1966, pp. 87-91. 



Keywords: Pipeline economics. Submarine pipelines 



Article reviews several measures that may be used to reduce the possibility of costly 

 shutdowns of submarine pipehnes, or to lessen the installation costs. The metliods discussed 

 include the use of mechanical anchors to secure pipehnes on the bottom and reduce the 

 required weight coat, burying pipehnes, including more valve connections during initial 

 installation for future pipe connections, the use of tliicker waUed and high-yield strengtli 

 pipe, pipe-coating methods, cathodic protection systems and in-line generators for corrosion 

 protection, laying dual Unes or bundled multiple Unes simultaneously, and making safe 

 pipeline crossings. 



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