include horizontal positioning, bathymetry, subsoil profiles, side-scan sonar,' visual 

 inspection and photography, soils sampling, and current measurements. The results of the 

 survey are discussed along with their accuracy, acceptability, and appUcabihty, and tlie 

 selection process used to determine the proposed pipeline routes are also discussed briefly. 



195. SHERMAN, A. M., and MILLER, D. R., "Submarine Aqueducts Deliver Water to 

 Venezuelan Island," Civil Engineering, Vol. 31, Mar. 1961, pp. 41—45. 



196. SHORT, T. A., "Pipelines Pinned to Ocean Floor " Pipeline Engineer, May 1967. 



Keywords: Design criteria. Ocean floor pipeline 



Article briefly discusses the design criteria for anchoring pipelines to the sea bottom, 

 including wave and current forces, bottom conditions, and pipeline stabihty. 



197. SHORT, T. A., "PipeUne Anchoring Systems," Offshore, June 1967. 



Keywords: Anchoring system 



Pipeline anchoring and installation systems are discussed briefly. The reasons for 

 anchoring and the advantages of anchoring a pipeline to the sea floor are also discussed. 



198. SMALL, S. W., "The Submarine Pipeline as a Structure," Offshore Technology 

 Conference, Paper No. OTC 1223, Vol. I, Apr. 1970, pp. I735-I746. 



Keywords: Design considerations, Submarine pipeline 



The structural design considerations of submarine pipelines are discussed. Structural 

 configurations of submarine pipelines during construction operations by the lay barge, reel 

 barge, bottom-pull, and floating string methods are discussed, as well as the structural 

 configuration of both exposed and buried jipeUnes during operation. The static and 

 dynamic loading conditions on submarine pipelines are discussed, along with the various 

 structural functions performed by the pipelines under different configurations and loading 

 conditions. The basic approach and steps or functions in tlie structural analysis of submarine 

 pipelines are discussed, and several secondary factors which may influence tlie structural 

 analysis are also given. 



199. SMALL, S. W., "Submarine Pipelines for Tanker Terminals," Mechanical Engineering, 

 Vol. 94, No. 7, July 1972, pp. 23-28. 



Keywords: Construction methods, Submarine pipeline, Tanker terminals 



The many factors that must be considered in designing and constructing large-diameter 

 submarine pipeUnes are discussed. Design criteria and tlie loads due to the bottom soil 

 conditions, hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces, and operational and construction loads 

 are discussed, along with the imposed stresses and structural and positional stability of the 

 pipeline. Construction methods are also explained briefly. 



200. SMALL, S. W., "Structural Considerations in the Design of Submarine Pipelines," 

 ASCE National Structural Engineering Meeting, Apr. 1973. 



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