145. KRIEG, J. L., "Criteria for Planning an Offshore Pipeline," Journal of the Pipeline 

 Division, Vol. 91, No. PLl, July 1965, pp. 15-37. - 



Keywords: Offshore pipeline. Planning criteria 



Many important factors that should be considered in tlie design and construction of 

 offshore pipelines, including pipeline risers, underwater valves, and offshore pipeline 

 crossings, are discussed. Factors to be considered in locating tlie offshore pipeline, including 

 alinement, surveying methods, and route marking and navigation aids, are discussed, as well 

 as factors important to tlie design and construction of the pipeline, including bottom 

 conditions and scour, pipeUne burial and burial methods, negative buoyancy, cathodic 

 protection, and stress control. Weld inspection, underwater inspection, and cleaning and 

 testing of the completed pipelines are mentioned, along with the permits and consents that 

 are required for an offshore pipeline. 



146. KRIEG, J. L., "Hurricane Risks as They Relate to Offshore Pipelines," Hurricane 

 Symposium, American Society of Oceanography, Publication No. 1, Oct. 1966. 



Keywords: Hurricane forces, Offshore platforms 



The lateral movement and failure of offshore pipelines and platforms due to 

 hurricane-induced wave and current action are discussed. The increasing risk of damage to 

 pipelines from other causes, such as barge anchors and drilling equipment in areas where 

 increasing numbers of pipelines are being laid, is also mentioned briefly. Hurricane 

 probability risk factors used in the design criteria of offshore natural gas pipelines are also 

 discussed. 



147. LAI, N, W., et al., "A Bibliography of Offshore Pipeline Literature," TAMU-SG- 

 74-206, Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, 

 Tex., June 1973. 



148. LAM, M. H., "McDermott Lays Deep-water Pipe Line in Gulf," Ocean Industry, 

 VoL 5, No. 7, July 1970, pp. 57-58. 



Keywords: Construction methods, Gulf of Mexico 



Article describes pipeUne and construction methods used to lay pipelines in 220 feet 

 of water in the Gulf of Mexico. Concrete-coated pipes were supported with a stinger while 

 being laid from a barge, using a "step" method. 



149. LAMBERT, D. E., "Hurricane Betsy-Petroleum's Most Expensive Storm," World Oil, 

 Oct. 1965. 



Keywords: Gulf of Mexico, Hurricane Betsy 



Article describes the destruction and damage to oil and gas production facilities in tlie 

 Gidf of Mexico and Mississippi River Delta area caused by Hurricane Betsy in 1965. The 

 losses to the petroleum industry from Hurricane Betsy are estimated to be over $100 

 million. 



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