127. HELFINSTINE, R. A., and SHUPE, J, W., "Lift and Drag on a Model 'Offshore 

 Pipeline," Offshore Technology Conference, Vol. I, May 1972, pp. I563-I572. 



Keywords: Flow forces, Model pipeline 



Paper discusses a laboratory investigation of the lift and drag forces on a model 

 pipeline resting on the ocean floor in a uniform current. The forces were measured on a 

 model pipeline in a wind tunnel, covering a Reynolds number range of 5 X 10^ to 

 1.3 X 10^, simulating moderate offshore conditions. The coefficients of lift and drag were 

 determined for both smooth and rough cylinders, and were plotted against Reynolds' 

 number. The experimental equipment and procedure are discussed, along with the results of 

 the investigation. A brief literature survey and discussion of the tlieory are also given. 



128. HOBBS, H., "Criteria for Design and Construction of Submarine Pipelines," Pipes and 

 Pipelines International, Vol. 11, No. 7, July 1966, pp. 24-27. 



129. HOLZ, P., "Single Buoy Mooring at Durban Nearing Completion," The Dock & 

 Harbour Authority, Vol. 51, No. 595, May 1970, pp. 18-19. 



Keywords: Construction methods, Durban, South Africa 



Article describes the construction methods used to lay a 42-inch-diameter oil pipeline 

 to a single-buoy mooring system 8,500 feet off the shore of Durban, Soutli Africa. The pipe 

 was assembled onshore and pulled out to the oil terminal site by barge. 



130. HOUGH, C. M., "Pipe Forcing for Outfalls," The Dock & Harbour Authority, Vol. 

 XL VI, No. 554, Dec. 1966. 



Keywords: Outfall pipeline. Pipe-jacking method 



Article describes a pipe-jacking process that can be used in the construction of sea and 

 river outfalls. This method falls somewhere between shield tunneUng and thrust boring by 

 auger. Large-diameter concrete pipes are jacked through the ground, and the displaced 

 material is excavated at the face of the pipeline and removed through the back of the 

 pipeline to the thrusting pit. 



131. HYDRAULIC RESEARCH STATION, "Submarine Pipelines, A Model Investigation 

 of the Wave Forces," Report No. 158, Wallingford, Berkshire, England, July 1961. 



Keywords: Model pipeline. Wave-induced forces 



A report on the results of experiments carried out to investigate the wave-induced 

 forces on a model submarine pipeline. The model was scaled to reproduce the orbits, orbital 

 velocities, and orbital accelerations at the bed of the prototype with respect to the diameter 

 of the prototype pipeline, but no attempt was made to reproduce to scale tlie large water 

 depths and wave heights of the prototype. Experimental instrumentation was set up to 

 measure the wave profile, orbit lengtlis, orbit velocities, horizontal forces, and vertical forces 

 on the pipeline model. The wave force data were analyzed using the Morison method, in 

 which a drag force term is added to an inertial force term to determine the total force on 

 the pipeline. The data were plotted in terms of three dimensionless parameters which 

 include all of the parameters on which tlie force on the pipe was assumed to depend. 



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