122. GRACE, R. A., "Submarine Pipeline Design Against Wave Action," Quarterly 

 Publication of J. K. K. Look Laboratory of Oceanographic Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, 

 University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Apr. 1971.^ 



Keywords: Model pipeline. Wave-induced forces 



Publication discusses the small amount of available experimental data obtained from 

 model pipelines that can be used to pick coefficients for tlie design of submarine pipelines 

 against wave-induced forces. 



123. GRACE, R. A., "Available Data for the Design of Unburied, Submarine Pipelines to 

 Withstand Wave Action," Engineering Dynamics of the Coastal Zone, The Institute of 

 Engineers, AustraUa, May 1973, pp. 59—65. 



Keywords: Submarine pipeline. Wave-induced forces 



Report discusses a method to calculate the wave-induced forces on an unburied 

 submarine pipeline. The Morison equation is used, in which the total wave-induced force is 

 equal to the sum of the drag and lift forces due to tlie water velocity, and the inertial force 

 due to the water particle acceleration. Linear wave theory is used, and values of the 

 coefficients of drag, inertia, and lift that must be used in the Morison equations are given for 

 various conditions, as determined from the data available on wave-induced forces from 

 several studies. The variation of the wave force coefficients with changes in the orientation 

 of the pipeline with respect to the wave fronts, and with changes in the relative clearance of 

 the pipeline from the bottom of the sea floor, witli respect to the pipe diameter, are also 

 discussed. These variations in the force coefficients are presented in graphs and tables. 



124. GREEN, J. E., and HOWARD, H. L., "The Design and Construction of Underwater 

 Pipelines," Proceedings of the Fourth World Petroleum Congress, Sec. Vlll/B, Paper 3, 

 1955, pp. 95-114. 



125. GREEN, R. A., and PINCUS, G., "The Performance of Selected PipeUne CoupUngs," 

 Offshore Technology Conference, Vol. H, Apr.-May 1973, pp. n281-n290. 



Keywords: Pipe couplings 



An investigation to determine the performance of several types of subsea mechanical 

 pipe couplings under the loading conditions of internal pressure, tension forces, and bending 

 stresses, simulating actual working conditions, is described. The variation of stress and strain 

 in the pipe adjacent to tlie tested pipe couplings was also studied. The apparatus and 

 instrumentation used in the tests are discussed, along with the experimental procedure and 

 the results of the tests. 



126. HARMSTORF, R., and McBRIDE, J. V., "Underwater Apparatus for Deep Embed- 

 ment of Cables and Pipes in Submarine Subsoil," Ocean Science and Ocean 

 Engineering, Vol. 2, 1965, pp. 657-662. 



Keywords: Deep-sea sled. Pipeline embedment 



Article describes a deep-sea sled with apparatus designed to deeply emibed cables and 

 small- diameter pipelines. The high-pressure water jets cut a narrow path for an injector 

 which guides the cable or pipe to the bottom, and the subsoil comes together immediately, 

 giving deep embedment protection. 



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