92. CAMPBELL, E. E., "How a Line was Tapped Under 22 Feet of Water in the Gulf, "Pi>e 

 Line Industry, Nov. 1955, pp. 40—45. 



93. GATES, W. H., "Design of Flexible Steel Pipe Under External Loads," Journal of the 

 Pipeline Division, Vol. 90, No. PLl, Jan. 1964, pp. 21-31. 



Keywords: Flexible pipeline 



Article describes a design method for calculating the waU thickness of buried, flexible 

 steel pipelines subjected to external dead and live loads which are greater than the internal 

 loads on the pipe. Tables of dead loads due to earth cover, live loads due to H-20 truckloads 

 or E-72 railroad loads, and pipe deflections due to the combined loads, are presented as 

 functions of the pipe diameter and depth of cover, along with the necessary equations for 

 calculating the required pipe wall thickness. The tables cover a range of pipe diameters from 

 24 to 150 inches and a range of earth covers from 4 to 15 feet. 



94. CHANG, K. S., "Transverse Forces on Cylinders Due to Vortex Shedding in Waves," 

 M.S. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 1964. 



Keywords: Circular cylinder. Wave forces 



Thesis presents a laboratory investigation of transverse lift forces on a vertical circular 

 cylinder due to vortex shedding induced by the motion of shallow-water waves. Theoretical 

 models for the phenomena are derived and discussed. The experimental equipment and 

 procedure are described, and samples of the obtained data are included in the report. Values 

 of the coefficient of the lift force induced by the vortex shedding in waves were determined, 

 and a correlation was found between the value of the lift coefficient and the wave 

 frequency. The results of the experimental investigation are plotted and compared with the 

 theoretical models derived, and the conclusions are discussed. 



95. CHIN, A, G., and DIRKS, M.C., "Placing Pipehnes and OutfaUs Under Water for Seattle 

 Metro Trunk Sewers," Civil Engineering, Vol. 37, No. 12, Dec. 1967, pp. 54-55. 



Keywords: Seattle, Washington, Sewer pipeline 



Article describes the design and construction of two underwater sewerlines in Seattle, 

 Washington, including a line which passes under a lake and a deep ocean outfall. The ocean 

 outfall was constructed of 96-inch-inside-diameter reinforced concrete sections, with tongue 

 and groove O-ring neoprene rubber gasket joints. Divers coordinated the placing of the pipe 

 sections from the bottom. The pipeline under the lake was constructed of 48-inch- 

 inside-diameter prestressed concrete beams with a square outside configuration. These 

 beams rested on reinforced concrete pile caps supported by four steel piles. Special joints, 

 consisting of a rocker plate bearing system with a double O-ring gasket joint, were designed 

 for the project. 



96. COLLINS, S. v., "Submarine Trenches," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 1958, 

 pp. 111-112. 



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