84. BROWN, R. J., "Hydrodynamic Forces on a Submarine Kpeline," Journal of the 

 Pipeline Division, Vol. 93, No. PLl, Mar. 1967, pp. 9-19. 



Keywords: Hydrodynamic forces. Submarine pipeline 



A model investigation of the current-induced hydrodynamic forces on a submarine 

 pipeline is described. The hydrodynamic forces on a submarine pipeline subject to current 

 action consist of a drag force and a lift force. These forces were determined for the model 

 pipe sections by measuring the pressure distribution around the pipe section. The 

 coefficients of drag and lift can then be determined from the measured flow velocities, and 

 drag and lift forces. The effect of spoilers on the pipe in altering the hydrodynamic forces 

 and their coefficients was also investigated. 



85. BROWN, R. J., "Pipelines Can be Designed to Resist Impact from Dragging Anchors 

 and Fishing Boats," Offshore Technology Conference, Vol. I, May 1972, 

 pp. 1579-1586. 



Keywords: Exposed pipeline, Pipe protection system 



Paper discusses several factors that should be considered in the design of exposed 

 submarine pipelines to resist damage by dragging anchors and fishing boats. The various 

 types of risks to submarine pipelines and extent of damage associated with each risk are 

 discussed. The available systems for pipe protection are briefly described along with the 

 advantages and limitations of each type. An example is given which illustrates the 

 appUcation of the various types of pipe protection systems to various situations. 



86. BROWN, R. J., "Pipeline Design to Reduce v^nchor and Fishing Boat Damage," 

 Transportation Engineering Journal, Vol. 99, No. TE2, May 1973, pp. 199-210. 



Keywords: Protection methods, Unburied pipeline 



Article discusses methods for protecting unburied submarine pipelines from damage by 

 dragging anchors and shipboards. The types of risk, damage, and pipe protection systems are 

 described, along with the factors that must be considered in determining the most feasible 

 form of protection for a given set of conditions. An example is given of a typical pipe 

 protection system, using different methods of protection on different sections of the 

 pipeline, depending on their need. 



87. BRUNDAGE, H. T., "Corrosion and 33 Years of Submarine Pipelining," Pipe Line 

 Industry, May 1957, pp. 45-47. 



88. BUNTAIN, D., ed., "Hydrauhc Transport of Minerals in Pipelines," Mining and Minerals 

 Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 9, Oct. 1969, pp. 25-30; Vol. 5, No. 10, Nov. 1969, 

 pp. 16-19. 



Keywords: Hydraulic transport. Pipeline, Solids 



The hydraulic transport of soUds in pipelines is discussed. The various types of mixtures 

 and modes of motion in the pipe are explained descriptively, and various practical 



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