equipment, and safety considerations. Systems operation management is also discussed, 

 including project planning, personnel, pipelaying operations, and coordination between the 

 onshore planning and management and the offshore pipelaying operations. 



74. BOMBA, J., "Submarine Pipe Construction Methods," Petroleum Engineer, Vol. 32, 

 Dec. 1960, pp. D28-D32. 



75. BOMBA, J. G., "Submarine Pipeline Construction Methods," Pipeline Engineer, Dec. 

 1960 and Feb. 1961; also in A Collection of Papers on Underground Pipeline Corrosion, 

 Vol. 9, 1967 (Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 59-54031), pp. 1-11. 



Keywords: Gas pipelines, Hudson River, Hyperion sewage system, Los Angeles, California, 

 Mississippi River 



Construction methods used to lay submarine pipeUnes in the ocean and across rivers are 

 described. The construction of the Hyperion sludge discharge outfall for Los Angeles, 

 Cahfornia, is discussed. The 7-mile, 22-inch-diameter pipeline was laid with the use of a 

 buoyant puUing sled, a dual cable system, and puUing barge and winch. A wooden trestle 

 launchway was constructed 900 feet offshore due to heavy surf and tidal variations. The 

 inshore part of the Une was buried using a jet trencher. The construction of two gas 

 pipelines, one across the Mississippi River, and one across the Hudson River, is also 

 discussed. These pipelines were laid in the form of downstream catenaries, requiring 

 accurate horizontal positioning of the lines during installation. The positioning and pulling 

 techniques used to lay these Unes are described. 



76. BOMBA, J. G., and SEEDS, K. J., "Pipelining in 600 feet of Water-A Case Study of 

 Washington Natural Gas Company's Puget Sound Crossing," Offshore Technology- 

 Conference, Paper No. OTC 1188, Vol. 1, Apr. 1970, pp. I379-I396. 



Keywords: Current and wave forces. Gas pipeUne, Puget Sound, Washington 



Proceedings paper describes the design, construction, and inspection of two 8-inch- 

 diameter gaslines laid across Puget Sound, Washington, in maximum deptlis of 670 feet. The 

 design considerations are discussed, which include the hydrographic survey, pipe burial and 

 coating, determination of the installation stresses, the stability of the pipeline with respect 

 to current and wave-induced forces, vibrations due to vortex shedding across spanning 

 sections, and environmental stresses due to external pressure, bending stresses, and tension. 

 The pipeline construction and installation procedures are also described. A bottom-pull 

 method was used in which the pipe strings were welded onshore and pulled out by barge. 

 Once installed, the pipeUne was inspected with an underwater television system. 



