68. BECKMANN, H., and THIBODEAUX, M. H., "Wave Force Coefficients for Offshore 

 Pipelines," Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division, Vol. 88, No. WW2, May 

 1962, pp. 125-138. Discussions by I. Alterman, Vol. 88, No. WW4, Nov. 1962, pp. 

 149-150; B. W. Wilson and R. 0. Raid, Vol. 89, No. WWl, Feb. 1963, pp. 61-65; and 

 H. Beckmann and M. H. Thibodeaux, Vol. 89, No. WW3, Aug. 1963, pp. 53-55. 



Keywords: Submarine pipeline. Wave forces 



Article discusses the evaluation of coefficients of drag, lift, and inertia that may be used 

 to calculate drag, lift, and inertia forces due to wave action on submarine pipeUnes in 

 contact with a smooth, hard-surfaced ocean floor. The forces on pipeUnes of both circular 

 and trapezoidal cross sections are considered. 



69. BERRY, W. H., "PipeUnes from North Sea Block 49/26 to the Norfolk Coast," /ourraa/ 

 of the Petroleum Institute, Vol. 54, No. 532, Apr. 1968, pp. 104-106. 



70. BISHOP, R. W., and FLETT, P. F., "Diving and Salvage," Proceedings of the Institution 

 of Civil Engineers, Vol. 21, Sess. 1961-62, Feb. 1962, pp. 347-366. 



71. BLUMBERG, R., "Hurricane Winds, Waves and Currents Test Marine PipeUne Design," 

 Pipe Line Industry, June-Nov. 1964. 



Keywords: Gulf of Mexico, Hurricane Carla, Pipelines 



Article discusses the damage to pipeUnes and associated structures of oil and gas 

 operations resulting from the high winds, waves, tides, currents, and shifting bottom 

 conditions and scouring caused by hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico. A description of the 

 damage and destruction of Hurricane Carla to pipeUnes and facilities, and a discussion of the 

 above-mentioned factors which caused the damage for specific cases are given. The influence 

 of pipeline orientation and burial are also included in tlie discussion. 



72. BLUMBERG, R., "Design for Environmental Extremes," Pipe Line Industry, Vol. 25, 

 No. 4, Oct. 1966, pp. 31-34. 



73. BLUMBERG, R., OSBORN, C, and TAKER, S. A., "Analysis of Ocean Engineering 

 Problems in Offshore PipeUning," Offshore Technology Conference, Vol. I, Apr. 1971, 

 pp. I297-I308. 



Keywords: Lay barge. Stingers 



Paper discusses many of the ocean engineering problems that should be considered in 

 the planning and installation of offshore pipeUnes by the lay barge method. Lay barge 

 design considerations are discussed briefly. Straight, curved, and articulated stingers are 

 discussed and compared, including the advantages and problems associated with each type. 

 Problems occurring during the pipelaying operations are discussed, including monitoring and 

 maintaining the correct tension level and profile of the pipeUne and stinger, anchoring the 

 lay barge to minimize movements, lowering the pipeUne and stinger to the ocean floor 

 during rough weather and sea conditions, breakdown and maintenance of pipelaying 



