D/B. This deviation may be attributable to elastic deformations which are 

 ignored in the development of bearing capacity equations. When uplift forces 

 are applied to a partially embedded object, the soil— object system will begin 

 to deform upward elasticaily well before actual rupturing of the soil occurs. 

 If the object is shallowly embedded, these deformations alone might be enough 

 to allow the object to become detached. For deeper embedments, complete 

 rupturing of the soil would be required for breakout. 



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Normalized Embedment Depth, 



Figure 3. Normalized immediate breakout force versus normalized 

 embedment depth — field and laboratory tests. 



The exact reason for the observed behavior is not important. What 

 is important is that all of the immediate breakout force data points appear to 

 fall within a band which can be represented by one equation and can thereby 



