were taken every ]5 meters or at each break in the beach slope, then continued 
to -0.6 meter MSL by the rodman. Surveys were timed to coincide with low tide 
to extend to that depth. Occasionally, however, extreme water levels or surf 
conditions prohibited seaward extension of the profiles. Crews were generally 
able to complete three profile lines per hour so the entire Long Beach Island 
survey (30 lines) was planned for several days. 
Readings were taken to the nearest 30.0 centimeters in the horizon- 
tal and 3.0 centimeters in the vertical. It was occasionally necessary to 
move the level, and care was taken to document the elevation and new location. 
Survey lines were not closed except during the last year of the study. 
Pipes were placed along profile lines 13 and 16 to test this method of 
measuring beach elevation. A 6.4-meter section of 3.8-centimeter inside- 
diameter iron pipe was marked in 15.2-centimeter sections and jetted 4.0 meters 
into the sand. These were placed every 15.2 meters along the selected profile 
lines and their position and elevation established by standard surveying methods. 
Weekly sand level readings were taken by local observers during the period from 
6 December 1967 to 1 May 1968. Detailed results of the pipe survey are given 
in Urban and Galvin (1969). This short study showed that sand level variations 
of more than a meter occurred on the beach face during the winter storms of 
1968. Measurements were not continued long enough to observe variations dur- 
ing the summer months nor was the study designed to provide transport rates and 
direction. 
b. Survey Frequency. Profile measurement intervals were begun biweekly; 
however, successive surveyed profiles changed little and were of limited 
engineering significance. The interval was increased to monthly and further 
extended later in the program. The distributions of seasonal measurements by 
month and year are shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. Unscheduled surveys 
were made shortly before and after storms, when possible, to measure the 
effects of individual events. Documented coastal storms occurring during the 
1962-73 study period are listed in Table 2. The frequency of surveys relative 
to storms is shown in Appendix B. No surveys were taken during the summer 
seasons of 1965 to 1969 since changes were considered too small to be of any 
meaning. This gap in the data set may have consequences for later statistical 
analysis of the temporal variability. Beach measurements taken in the groin 
field (profile lines 22 to 30) consist of only 10 surveys per profile line, 
none of which were taken during May, July, September, or November. 
Survey data were recorded in field notebooks. Computations of range and 
elevation were made by the noteman in the field and were doublechecked by 
another member of the survey team. The detailed procedures of transcriptions 
to coding forms for computer processing are given in DeWall (1979, p. 15). 
All data were meticulously hand-checked and spurious points were either cor- 
rected or discarded. Profile data are shown in tabulated form in Appendix C. 
2. Profile Analysis. 
Each profile was analyzed by CERC and computer plots generated for (a) MSL 
position (App. B), (b) above MSL change in unit volume between surveys (App.D), 
and (c) profile envelopes (App. E). All profile changes are referred to the 
conditions existing on the "initial survey date.'"' The distance-elevation 
24 
