not of structural origin. Similar linear shoals found in deeper water may be 
relict features formed during a lower stand of sea leyel. The role of shore- 
face-connected shoals in modifying the nearshore circulation and wave regime 
is unknown though it may be considerable. 
III. METHODS 
1. Profile Lines and Monumentation. 
Thirty-two profile lines, extending from Barnegat Light to just south of 
Beach Haven,were surveyed along Long Beach Island. The location of the pro- 
file lines and their proximity to 110 groins on the island are shown in 
Figure 4. Locations of the groins were carefully checked with recent air 
photos and Corps of Engineers records (U.S. Army Engineer District, Phila- 
delphia, 1974). Each groin in Figure 4 is indicated by the last two digits 
of the year of its construction. The survey periods and the number of measure- 
ments per profile line are given in Table 1. Profile lines 1 to 21 and 32 were 
established at the beginning of the period and, except as noted, were con- 
tinued through the entire program. Profile line 4 was established just south 
of the groin shown in Figure 4. Profile measurements were taken from September 
1962 to January 1966 with those readings from the north side of the groin 
referred to as profile line 32 and those to the south as profile line 4. Pro- 
file line 32 was discontinued after January 1966,and profile line 4 was 
standardized at a position 15 meters south of the groin. Profile line 13 
was relocated one block northward (about 200 meters) in September 1969 and 
renumbered profile line 33 when a rock groin was constructed along the origi- 
nal profile line. In August 1972, a series of closely spaced profile lines 
was established among successive groins between the communities of Loveladies 
and Harvey Cedars to observe the influence of the structures. 
a. Survey Procedures. The original profile lines were intended to be 
equally spaced. However, spacing was modified to place profile lines along 
a more representative section of beach, avoid structures, provide accessi- 
bility, or provide information of special interest. As shown in Table l, 
spacing, except in the special groin field study area, varied from 318.2 to 
3,285.7 meters. Profile measurements were taken by surveying crews from the 
U.S. Army Engineer District, Philadelphia, Horizontal control for the sta- 
tions consisted of a monument at or near each profile line with references 
tied to cultural features such as houses, telephone poles, etc., and third- 
order survey control providing state-plane and geodetic coordinates of the 
monument. Vertical control consisted of a third-order elevation of the top 
of the monument with respect to sea level datum (Jacobs, 1978). The docu- 
mentation of the location of each profile monument referred to the New Jersey 
Transverse Mercator as well as the azimuth of the line is given in Appendix A. 
The surveying crews measured the profile line using a level and tape 
technique. A reference elevation was established at a fixed object such as 
the top of a log barricade, the foot spike on a telephone pole, or nail 
markers driven into the roadway. 
The survey proceeded seaward, approximately perpendicular to the shoreline, 
from the reference along the preselected azimuth, maintained by alinement of 
two separated, fixed objects in the manner of a navigational range. Readings 
ae 
