sand supply to the interior, which has permitted vegetation to 

 stabilize the interior (Gutman, Hennigar, and Goldsmith, 1977). 



An active program of grass planting is being carried out adjacent 

 to, and on either side of, profile line 2. Back Bay's active sand 

 fencing program in the dunes ended in 1974 by order of the Department 

 of Interior (D. Hollands, Manager, Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, 

 personal communication, 1977) . The placement of sand fencing was 

 observed to be effective in accumulating sand and building up the 

 dunes; e.g., at profile line 14, a 1 . 8-meter-high fence was completely 

 encased in sand within a 2-year period (1972-1974). 



7. Beach Nourishment. 



Since 195 2, a beach nourishment program for Virginia Beach has 

 been conducted along an 8-kilometer shoreline from Cape Henry to 

 Rudee Inlet. Concentration of this effort has centered in the 5.5 

 kilometers just north of Rudee Inlet, of which 3 kilometers has been 

 bulkheaded with a concrete "boardwalk" in the area of the ocean-front 

 hotels. 



By the end of fiscal year 1976 it was reported by the Norfolk 

 District that a total of 5.9 million cubic yards (4.5 million cubic 

 meters) of sand had been placed on the beach (Table 5) to replace 

 the material lost due to a northerly transport and other erosional 

 factors . 



Various means of supplying the sand were: (a) Hauling by truck 

 from a distant sand stockpile at Cape Henry where the dredged material 

 from Thimble Shoal Channel in Chesapeake Bay entrance has been 

 pumped ashore and stored; (b) dredging of Rudee Inlet; (c)* sand 

 sources dredged by enlarging "Rudee Harbor"; and (d) bypassing of 

 ocean-front sand from the south side of the inlet jetty to the north 

 side of the inlet. 



Approximately 9 percent of the total volume that has been used 

 to nourish the beaches, or 515,040 cubic yards (391,000 cubic meters), 

 has been placed on the beach since the beginning of fiscal year 1975. 

 Most of this has been either inlet-bypassed, or truck-hauled from the 

 Thimble Shoals stockpile at Cape Henry. 



It has been observed that much of the nourished sand is usually 

 removed by the first small or moderate storm. Therefore, nourishment 

 is required, more or less, continuously. The net northerly transport 

 moves some of this sand to the north to Cape Henry and Thimble Shoal 

 Channel, where with the aid of man, the sand is recycled back into 

 the transport system. 



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