in 1945 is the only pre-1950 groin in existence today. An extensive project 

 from 1952 to 1954 added seven new groins (Fig. 5). Further construction in 

 1967 and 1973 resulted in three new groins and improvements to three (Fig. 7). 



In 1920 the municipality of Strathmere constructed five timber groins near 

 Corson Inlet. Since then, the groin field has expanded to 10 groins which were 

 in generally poor condition in 1974. The northernmost groin near Corson Inlet 

 was completely flanked by erosion, and timber groins at the south end of the 

 field were breached (Fig. 8) . 



b. Bulkheads . An 800-foot-long timber wave breaker, constructed at 

 Strathmere in 1920, remained until 1967 when it was replaced by a 2,650-foot 

 timber bulkhead with rubble armor (Fig. 9). Since then, the south end of the 

 bulkhead has been difficult to maintain. A series of "pigpen" bulkheads con- 

 structed in 1920 have failed near profile line 4 (Fig. 10). 



At Sea Isle City, a 4,750-foot-long timber wave breaker constructed by the 

 city in 1923 and a 6,075-foot-long bulkhead constructed by property owners 

 between 1945 and 1955, were both destroyed by storms. From 1950 to 1955 the 

 city constructed and maintained 1,920 feet of timber bulkhead and sand fences 

 at 30 street ends which were later destroyed by wave action. A present timber 

 bulkhead with a rubble armor toe, constructed between 1963 and 1967, begins 

 near 29th Street (profile line 11, Fig. 3) and extends to 55th Street (profile 

 line 16, Fig. 11) . Behind most of the bulkhead is a paved promenade with a top 

 elevation of 14.8 feet above MLW. The front of the bulkhead between 50th and 

 55th Streets has experienced continued erosion in recent years (H. Wright, 

 Supervisor of Public Works of Sea Isle City, personal communication, 1974). 

 By February 1974, the beach adjacent to the southern end of the bulkhead had 

 retreated 50 feet landward between 55th and S7th Streets (Fig. 12). 



At Townsend Inlet, a low sand dune is the only protective structure along 

 the ocean or inlet front of Ludlam Beach. At Avalon on the south side of the 

 inlet, groins and bulkheads have been constructed to impede the southward 

 migration of the inlet. 



c. Beach Fill and Dune Construction . The first recorded artificial beach 

 fill and dune construction on Ludlam Beach occurred after the entire beach 

 front eroded during the March 1962 storm. A total of 905,000 cubic yards of 

 fill was placed along 35,200 feet of ocean frontage between Corson and Townsend 

 Inlets. This material was primarily used for the reconstruction of a dune, 

 built in a Caldwell Section (U.S. Army Engineer District, Philadelphia, 1966) 



to a top elevation of 12 feet above MLW. A sand fence was placed along the top. 

 Following serious erosion at Strathmere during a September 1964 storm, the dune 

 was rebuilt with a gravel core to a top elevation of 14 feet above MLW. Beaches 

 were not significantly replenished after the 1962 to 1964 fill program (H. 

 Wright, personal communication, 1974). 



d. Inlet dredging . Inlet dredging data from 1963 to 1974 are available 

 for both Corson and Townsend Inlets (Table 2). In all cases, sediment was 

 moved from north to south within the inlets using a side-casting dredge. 



5. Wind, Wave, and Tide Data . 



a. Wind Data . Ludlam Beach is located at approximately 39° N. latitude, 

 which is within the zone of prevailing westerly winds. Occasional strong 



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