d. Hold and save the United States free from damages arising from 
the construction and maintenance of the project works; 
e. Control water pollution in the areas where beaches are to be 
improved to the extent necessary to safeguard the health of bathers; 
f. Assure continued public ownership of the beaches and their 
administration for public use only. 
The Board further recommended that the adequacy of work proposed by 
local authorities, detailed plans, specifications, assurances that the 
requirements of local cooperation will be met, arrangements for prosecuting 
the entire project be approved by the Chief of Engineers prior to commence- 
ment of work. The Board also recommended that all agencies concerned give 
full consideration to the effects on the downcoast shore of any littoral 0 
barriers between Carpinteria and Point Mugu prior to undertaking such works, 
and, if warranted, make adequate provision for by-passing littcral material 
at such barriers. The amount of Federal participation in accordance with the 
foregoing recommendation was estimated at 20.250 for the initial construction 
consisting of one groin and $53,150 if all three groins are required. 
CONNECTICUT = PAWCATUCK RIVER TO THAMES RIVER 
The area of the State of Connecticut studied comprises the shores of 
Little Narragansett Bay and Fishers Island Sound between the mouths of 
Pawcatuck River and Thames River. It includes the shores of the Towns of 
Stonington and Groton, a total length of about 31.5 miles. This shore 
area is adjacent to and east of New London, Connecticut, and is about 
130 miles east of New York City. It is developed to a minor extent as a 
resort and residential area. The permanent population of the two towns is 
about 21,000. The summer population is about 20 per cent greater. The 
United States owns the shore at Avery Point, the location of a Coast Guard 
Training Station. The State of Connecticut owns Barn Island Waterfowl area 
on Little Narragansett Bay and Trumbull Airport on Poquonock River, and there 
are several small publicly owned beaches included in the area. 
Fishers Island Sound is part of Long Island Sound, located at the north 
side of the eastern entrance thereof. Tides are semidiurnal, and their 
mean range is 2.6 to 2.7 feet. The spring range is 3.1 to 3.2 feet. The 
maximum tide of record was about 8.5 feet above mean high water. Tides 3 
feet or more above mean high water occur about once a year. With a tidal 
stage of 3 feet above mean high water, the maximum height of breakers land- 
ward of the lowwater line is about .5 feet. Larger waves can reach the 
shore only during infrequent higher tides. 
Due to the limited size of Fishers Island and Long 
Island Sounds, the only waves of importance are those generated in the 
sounds. The movement of material by wave action is diverse in character. 
Ordinary short storm waves cause littoral movement and offshore loss of 
beach material. Absence of swells in most of the area probably precludes 
the possibility of return of material from offshore by wave action. 
50 
