YOEKSHIEE. 253 



tion of iron vessels. Hull has a fine park, a museum, and several learned societies. 

 Wilberforce was born here, and a monument has been raised in his honour. 



Cottingham, a suburban village of Hull, with many market gardens, lies on 

 the road to Beverley, a very ancient city, at one time of greater importance than 

 its neighbour Hull, and still the capital of the East Riding. Beverley boasts a 

 remarkably fine minster. There are chemical and agricultural machinery works, 

 and a great trade in corn and provisions is carried on. Passing through Great 

 Driffield, we reach Bridlington, with its fine priory church, and Bridlington Quay, 

 its port, on the great bay, protected in the north by Flamborough Head. A 

 chalybeate spring and several intermittent springs, known as the "Gipsies," 

 are near the town. Geologists will be interested in the caverns and fossils of 

 the chalk cliffs, as well as in the ancient bushes covered with shells, which Gwyn 

 Jeffreys refers to the glacial epoch. 



There are no towns of importance in the fertile district of Holderness. The 

 only places worth notice are Patrington, with a church described as " one of the 

 glories of England," Witlicrnsea, and Hornsea, the two latter quiet seaside places, 

 as is implied by their names. 



We now turn to the desolate moors and romantic valleys of North-western 

 Yorkshire, where the mountains are steepest and the population least dense. 

 This district, known for its greater part as Craven, is intersected by the upper 

 valleys of the rivers Swale, Ure, Nidd, Wharfe, and Aire. It yields a little lead, 

 but no coal : hence the striking contrast it presents to the great hive of industry 

 which adjoins it on the south. 



The Swale, in its upper course, flows past the small raining villages of Keld 

 and E,eeth, and below the ancient parliamentary borough of Richmond it emerges 

 upon the broad plain of York. The Xorman castle which overshadows this 

 picturesque town is now used as a militia store. Xear this stagnant town is the 

 village of Hipswell, the reputed birthplace of Wickliffe, the reformer. 



The Ure, or Yore, traverses the Wensley Dale, where woollen knitting and 

 carpet-making occupy some of the inhabitants of the small towns of Haices and 

 Askrigg. Leybourne, at the mouth of the dale, has a lead mine ; and at Middleham, 

 near it, are the ruins of one of the castles held by Warwick the King-maker. 



Ripon is the principal town on the Ure, and one of the oldest. Near it a 

 funereal mound is pointed out, which tradition asserts to contain the bones of 

 Saxons and Danes who fell on a neighbouring battle-field. There are a small 

 cathedral raised above a Saxon crypt and severul ancient hospitals. Studley 

 E,oyal, the princely seat of the Marquis of Ripon, lies to the west of Ripon, and 

 near it are the picturesque ruins of Fountains Abbey, at one time one of the most 

 powerful houses of the Cistercians, who held all the land from the banks of the 

 Ure as far as the hills of Cumberland. Boroiighhridge and AldborouyJi, the Eoraan 

 Isurium, are small towns below Ripon, in whose vicinity many antiquities have been 

 discovered. Most curious amongst these relics of the past are three obelisk- like 

 masses of ragstone, which have long puzzled the brains of antiquaries. 



