FLORA AND FAUNA. 15 



region north of Cape Colony. Numerous species of mammals and birds are met 

 from the southern extremity of the continent to the banks of the Senegal ; nor are 

 the plateaux and highlands anywhere lofty enough to prevent the migrations of 

 animals, which in Africa are kept apart rather by the broad desert wastes than by 

 mountain barriers. 



The Mascarenhas, and especially Madagascar, are centres of independent life, 

 the latter containing over one hundred animal species not found elsewhere. But 

 the immigrations of Arabs and Europeans have added several species to the 

 African fauna, in exchange for those they have contributed to extirpate. The 

 camel, without which it seems impossible for caravans to cross the Sahara in its 

 present arid state, is nevertheless a comparatively recent arrival, its image occurring 

 nowhere either on the old Egyptian monuments or on the " inscribed stones " of 

 the ancient Berbers. Hence it is evident that the Sahara was not always a desert ; 

 and valuable inscriptions, confirming the text of Herodotus, prove that the ox and 

 the zebu were the first pack animals of the Garamantes on the route between 

 Fezzan and Sudan. Now man has been followed by his ordinary companions, 

 such as the horse and dog, at least wherever they have been able to adapt them- 

 selves to the climate. When the American Chaillé-Long appeared on horseback at 

 the court of the King of Uganda, north of the Victoria Nyanza, the natives 

 fancied, like the Mexicans at the first appearance of the Spanish cavalry, that 

 horse and man formed one animal, and when the stranger dismounted they ran 

 off terror-stricken at the sight of this centaur dividing itself into two distinct 

 beings. 



The greatest obstacle to the development of Africa is caused by the tsetse 

 (glossina morsitans), a simple fly, whose bite is fatal to horses, camels, oxen, and 

 dogs, although harmless to man, the calf, goat, and wild beasts. This destructive 

 insect, which is supposed, rightly or wrongly, to infuse anthrax virus into its 

 victims, is very common in certain districts of South and Central Africa, but does 

 not extend farther north than the Bahr-el-Ghazal and Senaar, and is unknown in 

 the north-west. The donderoho, another two-winged pest observed to the south of 

 the Kilima Njaro, spares cattle, but attacks the ass, goat, and sheep. 



Africa is the home of the largest living quadrupeds, such as the elephant, 

 various species of the rhinoceros, the hippopotamus, giraffe, and other herbiferous 

 animals. At the same time the African elephant is smaller, less vigorous, and 

 more difficult to tame than its Indian congener, from Avhich it differs in its convex 

 frontal bone, large ears, and some other physical characteristics. The attempts made 

 by Gordon to domesticate this animal and employ it in warfare were not successful, 

 and in this respect Europeans have still to discover the secrets known not only to 

 the Hindus, but even to the ancients, and, according to Duveyrier, to the tribes 

 south of Mauritania, and to the Wakorays of the western Sahara. 



The lion of the Atlas highlands is fiercer than the Babylonian species ; the 

 gorilla is the strongest and most formidable of the ape family ; of all hoofed 

 animals the zebra is the most indomitable ; neither the American caiman nor the 

 Indian gavial approach the dimensions of the African crocodile, and of all 



