468 • APPENDIX II. 



they are chiefly concentrated about the left bank of the White Nile, and 

 farther west towards the headstreams of the Bahr-el-Arab (Baqqâra-el- 

 Homr). The word is derived from baqnr = an ox. 



Allaw'in . . . El-Arish district on the road between Egypt and Palestine. 



A in ran . . . Isthmus of Suez. 



Huweitàt . . Arabian desert between the Suez Canal and the Nile. 



Maazeh . . ■ i.e. The " Goatherds," a powerful tribe ranging over the Arabian steppe, from the 

 Nile to the Eed Sea, between the parallels of Assiut and Beni-feuef. Have 

 been identified by Maspero with the ancient Libyan Mazu people, but have now 

 been assimilated in speech and religion to the Arabs. 



Aulad-Ali . . The dominating tribe in the Libyan desert west of the Nile delta. 



Hawarah . . . West of Keneh, Upper Egypt ; till recently supplied the Khedival Government 

 with most of its irregular cavalry. Total population of aU the Arab tribes in 

 Egypt, about 200,000. 



V. HAMITIC GROUP. 



4 



TiBu Branch. 



The true affinities of the Tibus, long a subject of discussion among anthropologists, 

 may now be determined in the light of the fresh materials recently brought to Europe by 

 Dr. Naehtigal, and partly published in his monumental work, ' ' Sahara und Sudan. "'^" The 

 Tibu domain comprises the whole of East Sahara from about 12° E. longitude to the 

 Egyptian frontier, and from Fezzan southwards to Kanem, Wadai, and Dar-Eur. There 

 are two main branches : 1. The Teda, or Northern Tibus, possibly to be identified with 

 the Tedamansii, a tribe of Graramantes placed by Ptolemy in Tripolitana ; 2. The Daza, 

 or Southern Tibus, through whom they gradually merge southwards in the Kanembu, 

 Kanuri, Zoghâwa, Baele, and other Negro or Negroid peoples of Central and Eastern 

 Sudan. The Tibu language follows precisely the same course, passing from the 

 Northern and primitive Téda through the more highly developed Daza to the mixed 

 Kanuri and other forms in the Tsad basin. 



But the physical and linguistic features revolve, so to say, in different planes, 

 implying apparent antagonism between the ethnical and philological conditions. Both are 

 found in their purest and most original state amongst the Northern Tedas, a point that 

 has been clearly established by Naehtigal. But while the Teda phj^sical type is not to 

 be distinguished from that of the neighbouring Imoshagh or Tuarik (Berber Hamites) 

 of the Western Sahara, the Teda language shows no affinity either with the Hamitic or 

 the Negro groups. It stands entirely apart, constituting the nucleus of a widespread 

 linguistic family, with extensive ramifications in Dar-Fur, Wadai, Kanem, Bornu, 

 Baghirmi, and generally throughout Central Sudan. In this region it appears to have 

 been profoundly affected by Negro influences ; but no such influences can be detected 

 in the Tibesti uplands, probably the cradle of the Tibu race and the centre of dispersion 

 of the Tibu language. 



It follows that the Tibus must be regarded as a branch of the Hamitic stock, who, 

 during their long isolation in Tibesti, have had time to develop an independent idiom 

 no longer traceable to a common Tibu-Berber source. A notable feature of this idiom is the 

 absence of grammatical gender, placing it even on a lower level than many Negro 

 tongues of the Upper Nile and Kilima-Njaro regions. It appears, however, to supply 

 what may be called the " raw material," out of which gender has been elaborated in the 

 Hamitic languages. Thus o seems to be characteristic of masculine, d or t oi feminine 

 terms, as in o-mri = man ; d-di =■ woman.. With this feminine dental may be 

 compared the Berber t, which is both pre- and post-fixed, as in akli = negro ; taklif =■ 

 negress. 



* Two volumes only have so far appeared (Berlin, 1879, 1881). The remainder, with rich philo- 

 logical data, are anxiously awaited by f-tudents of African ethnology. 



