54 stations and extends for 1.65 kilometers (Fig. 25), is similar to reaches C 

 and E with a foredune system fronting a higher ridge. The primary difference 

 between reaches D, C, and E is the degree of development of the area. No 

 major shore protection structures were within the reach until the final year 

 of the study when two precast concrete seawalls (see Fig. 18) were placed be- 

 tween stations 4 and 8. Just south of the reach, three groins protect Weko 

 Beach. Although in need of repair, the groins offer some protection to the 

 southern end of the reach. A typical section of reach D is shown in Figure 26. 



The effect of the groins is shown in Figure 2 7. Except for the first 

 period of study the bluff recession dropped to a lower value at the southern 

 stations updrift of the groins. Changes in the bluff line vary considerably 

 along the reach and between time periods. 



The average rate of recession between 19 November 1970 and 15 April 1971 

 was only 2.6 meters per year with a very stable bluff or dune line between 

 stations 22 and 36. The rate dropped slightly to 2.4 meters per year between 

 15 April 1971 and 16 November 1972 but rate comparisons were difficult because 

 of the different time intervals. Stations 36 to 54 remained unchanged. During 

 the first two periods (19 November 1970 to 16 November 1972), the average amount 

 of bluff recession was 4.8 meters, exactly one-half of the 9.6 meters lost in 

 reach A during the same period. 



The situation changed between 16 November 1972 and 18 October 1973 when 

 7.1 meters of bluff eroded for a recession rate of 7.8 meters per year. A 

 peak rate of 17.4 meters per year occurred at station 5. 



The level of recession decreased during the final period between 18 October 

 1973 and 23 November 1974. Total recession was 4.4 meters for an average re- 

 cession rate of 4.1 meters per year. 



Except for the first period the shoreline changes exhibited the same trends 

 as the bluff recession rates. The largest negative rate of shoreline movement 

 (13.6 meters per year) occurred between 16 November 1972 and 18 October 1973 

 and accompanied a period of high bluff recession. 



The average rates of bluff and shoreline changes for the full 4-year period 

 are shown in Figure 28. The two rates apparently correlate well and generally 

 decrease south to north. The average rate of shoreline change was -3.2 meters 

 per year, less than the average bluff recession rate of 4.1 meters per year. 

 Reach D data are summarized in Table 8. 



6. Reach E . 



Reach E (Fig. 29) is located within Warren Dunes State Park and is very sim- 

 ilar to reaches C and D with an active foredune ridge. A ground photo typical 

 of the area is shown in Figure 30. Reach E includes 54 stations along 1.62 

 kilometers of shoreline and, like reach C, is undeveloped and without shore 

 protection structures. One feature common to the reach is a periodic undula- 

 tion of the shoreline described as "beach pads" by Tanner (1975). He postu- 

 lated that the pads which averaged 145 meters apart provide a mechanism for 

 offshore sand transport. The crests of two small pads are shown in Figure 29. 



40 



