Wave action and erosion appeared minimal along the Michigan shore 

 between Marquette and Big Bay. The coastline was forested, with a 

 narrow beach. Generally, forests extended to the high water line with 

 no evidence of severe shore erosion. 



Sand dunes of the Grand Sable Banks near Grand Marais, Michigan, 

 are subject to blowouts (Fig. 2) and wind erosion. The shore at 

 Whitefish Point, Michigan, is relatively flat and is eroding. Rock was 

 exposed in many areas, but where vegetation existed, it retained small 

 mounds of sand; this area showed some of the most successful examples 

 of sand retention by vegetation. 



No emergent hydrophytes were observed on the Lake Superior shores. 



Extensive beach areas north of Port Wing, Wisconsin, are stabilized 

 by the terrestrial codominants beach-pea (Lathyrus maritimus) and wild 

 rye (Elymus mollis). A low topographic relief enhanced land stabiliza- 

 tion by both rhizomatous perennials. Dense rhizomatous mats of blue- 

 joint (Calamagrostis canadensis), prairie sandreed ( Calamovilfa longi- 

 folia) , brome grass (Bromus kalmii) , and rush (Junaus baltious) were 

 observed at Cornucopia, Wisconsin. These heterogeneous stands close to 

 the wave-shore interface provided excellent control against surface 

 runoff. 



Eleven miles west of Munising, Michigan, is a sandy shore stabil- 

 ized by wild rye and sand cherry (Tvunus -pvmila) . Invasion of the 

 secondary colonizer, sand cherry, is successfully stabilizing the soil 

 (Fig. 3). Active sand dune blowouts, stable sand dunes, and successional 

 plant establishment were found at Grand Marais State Park, Michigan. 

 Pioneer sand stabilizer was again wild rye. The lee side of active 

 dunes was colonized by the herbaceous pioneer tansy (Tanaaetvm kuronense) 

 and the secondary colonizers sand cherry and heart-leaved willow (Salix 

 cordata) . Tertiary species were limited to balsam poplar (Populus 

 balsamifera). At Whitefish Point, Michigan, abrasion by blowing sand 

 limited vegetative vitality and diversity, although the low-habit false 

 heather (Eudsonia tomentosa) 3 along with scouring rush (Equisetwn 

 hyemale) and wild rye, were vigorous enough to impede the wind and accum- 

 ulate appreciable sand mounds. 



Some bank erosion along the Lake Superior shore was caused by seep- 

 age (Fig. 4) and wave scouring (Fig. 5) . Only one structure was noted, 

 riprap to abate bank erosion near the State highway at Herbster, Wiscon- 

 sin. The treatment appeared successful; the bank was stabilized, with 

 vegetation well established between the riprap and road to prevent 

 erosion due to surface runoff. 



2. Lake Michigan . 



Kewaunee County shores south of Kewaunee, Wisconsin, were high, 

 near -vertical bluffs of glacial till with exposed sand and gravel lenses. 

 During wet periods, the lenses become water-saturated and seepage along 



