pepper-grass, wild rose, sand cherry, forest-grape, and tansy. Most 

 plants were observed in heterogeneous stands with no pronounced dominance 

 by an individual species. 



Species most effective as sand accumulators have a low-growth 

 profile with minor vertical stratification. Species exemplifying this 

 growth habit include most grasses, juniper, creeping cedar, rush, 

 false Solomon's seal, silver-weed, beach-pea, bearberry, and tansy. 



Plants common to both literature and vegetative surveys were: 

 wild rye, prairie sandreed, reed canary grass, wheat-grass, heart- 

 leaved willow, sand cherry, red osier dogwood, balsam poplar, rush, 

 bearberry, juniper (Juniperus communis) , and silver-weed. 



Land alteration has proved essential for controlling shore and bank 

 erosion in many areas of the Great Lakes. Near Kewaunee, Wisconsin, for 

 example, seepage contributes to bank failure along Lake Michigan. The 

 Soil Conservation Service has successfully installed a deep tile line 

 to intercept seepage and conduct the underground water to Lake Michigan. 

 The banks were reshaped to an approximate slope of 2:1 and the soil was 

 seeded with a mixture of crown vetch and fescue to control surface run- 

 off. Similar dewatering has been effective in urban and rural areas. 

 The work is costly, especially on high banks. In time, if seeding has 

 successfully stabilized soil on the banks, native plant species invade 

 and become established along with planted species. 



Clay with glacial overburden containing sand and gravel lenses can 

 be effectively dewatered provided there is a discharge outlet to dis- 

 pose of the intercepted surface and seepage water. Because of high 

 cost, dewatering must be carefully evaluated. 



The critical factor for success in this type of stabilization is 

 effective dewatering of the soil and establishing of vegetative cover 

 to prevent surface erosion. 



An example of a Lake Michigan shore modification is shown in 

 Figure 11. The site was in Racine County about 3 miles north of Racine, 

 Wisconsin. Rock was used for shoreline protection to minimize erosion 

 of the embankment. The rough steep bank was graded to a more gentle 

 slope and was seeded to control surface erosion. This shore front mod- 

 ification requires a soil that is not subject to seepage so severe that 

 it causes bank failure. Loam soil is best for this type of reclamation. 

 The best vegetative growth is obtained by topdressing with fertilizer 

 and irrigating. Where a specific type of vegetation is desired, weed 

 control may also be required. This shore front renovation requires 

 constant management to maintain a turf appearance. 



Reforming and vegetating the beach at Hamlin State Park, New York, 

 on Lake Ontario (Fig. 10) was successful. A high sandbank was re- 

 shaped to a 1:12 slope to reduce erosion by dissipating wave energy. 

 The beach and its adjacent recreational area were vegetated to control 

 surface erosion. Since this shoreline modification was for recreation, 



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