74 PSYCHO LOO Y. 



her mouth."* Already on pp. 9-10, as the reader may re« 

 member, we instanced those adaptations of conduct to new 

 conditions, on the part of the frog's spinal cord and thalami, 

 which led Ptluger and Lewes on the one hand and Goltz on 

 the other to locate in these organs an intelligence akin to 

 that of which the hemispheres are the seat. 



AVhen it conies to birds deprived of their hemispheres, 

 the evidence that some of their acts have conscious purpose 

 behind them is quite as persuasive. In pigeons Schrader 

 found that the state of somnolence lasted only three or four 

 days, after which time the birds began indefatigably to 

 walk about the room. They climbed out of boxes in which 

 they were put, jumped over or flew up upon obstacles, and 

 their sight was so perfect that neither in walking nor flying 

 did they ever strike any object in the room. They had 

 also definite ends or purposes, flying straight for more 

 convenient perching places when made uncomfortable by 

 movements imparted to those on which they stood ; and of 

 several possible perches they always chose the most con- 

 venient. " If we give the dove the choice of a horizontal 

 bar {Reck) or an equally distant table to fly to, she always 

 gives decided preference to the table. Indeed she chooses 

 the table even if it is several meters farther off than the bar 

 or the chair." Placed on the back of a chair, she flies first 

 to the seat and then to the floor, and in general " will for- 

 sake a high position, although it give her sufiiciently firm 

 support, and in order to reach the ground will make use of 

 the environing objects as intermediate goals of flight, show- 

 ing a perfectly correct judgment of their distance. Although 

 able to fly directly to the ground, she prefers to make the 

 journey in successive stages. . . . Once on the ground, she 

 hardly ever rises spontaneously into the air." f 



Young rabbits deprived of their hemispheres will stand, 

 run, start at noises, avoid obstacles in their path, and give 

 responsive cries of suffering when hurt. Eats will do the 

 same, and throw themselves moreover into an attitude of 

 defence. Dogs never survive such an operation if per- 

 formed at once. But Goltz's latest dog, mentioned on p. 



* Comptes Rendus de I'Acad. d. Sciences, vol. 102. p 1530. 

 f Loc. cit. p. 216. 



