THE MIND-STUFF THEORY. 159 



apprehend the sum as such ; or else it exists in the shape 

 of some other effect on an entity external to the sum itself. 

 Xjet it not be objected that H, and O combine of themselves 

 into 'water,' and thenceforward exhibit new properties. 

 They do not. The ' water ' is just the old atoms in the 

 new position, H-O-H ; the * new properties ' are just their 

 combined effects, when in this position, upon external media, 

 such as our sense-organs and the various reagents on which 

 water may exert its properties and be known. 



" Aggregations are organized wholes only when they behave as such 

 in the presence of other things. A statue is an aggregation of par- 

 ticles of marble; but as such it has no unity. For the spectator it is 

 one; in itself it is an aggregate; just as, to the consciousness of an ant 

 crawling over it, it may again appear a mere aggregate. No summing 

 up of parts can make an unity of a mass of discrete constituents, unless 

 this unity exist for some other subject, not for the mass itself." * 



Just so, in the parallelogram of forces, the ' forces ' 

 themselves do not combine into the diagonal resultant ; a 

 body is needed on which they may impinge, to exhibit their 

 resultant effect. No more do musical sounds combine per 

 se into concords or discords. Concord and discord are 

 names for their combined effects on that external medium, 

 the ear. 



* J. Royce, ' Mind,' vi. p. 376. Lotze has set forth the truth of this law 

 more clearly and copiously than au}^ other writer. Unfortunately he is too 

 lengthy to quote. See his Microcosmus, bk. ii. ch. i. § 5; Metaphyslk, 

 §§ 242, 260 ; Outlines of Metaphj^slcs, part ii. chap. i. §g 3, 4, 5. Compare 

 also Reid's Intellectual Powers, essay v, chap, mad fin.; Bowne's Meta- 

 physics, pp. 361-76; St. J. Mivart: Nature and Thought, pp. 98-101; E. 

 Gurney: 'Monism,' in 'Mind.'vr. 153; and the article by Prof . Royce, 

 just quoted, on ' Mind-stuff and Reality.' 



In defence of the mind- stuff view, see W. K. Clifford: 'Mind,' ni. 57 (re- 

 printed in his 'Lectures and Essays,' ii. 71); G. T. Fechner, Psj^cho- 

 pbysik, Bd. ii. cap. xlv; H. Taine: on Intelligence, bk. iii; E. Haeckel; 

 'Zellseelen u. Seelenzelleu ' in Gesammelte pop. Vortrage, Bd. i. p. 143; W. 

 S. Duncan . Conscious Matter, passim; H. Zollner: Natur d. Cometen, pp. 

 320 ff.; Alfred Barratt: ' Physical Ethic ' and ' Physical Metempiric,'^;as- 

 etm; J. Soury: ' Hylozoismus,' in ' Kosmos,' V. Jahrg., Heft x. p. 241; A. 

 Main: 'Mind,' i. 292, 431, 566; ii. 129, 402; Id. Revue Philos., ii. 86, 88, 

 419; III. 51,502; iv. 402; F. W. Frankland: 'Mind,' vi. 116; Whittaker: 

 'Mind,' VI. 498 (historical); Morton Prince: The Nature of Mind and 

 Human Automatism (1885); A. Riehl : Der philosophische Kriticismus, Bd. 

 n. Theil 2, 2ter Abschnitt, 2tes Cap. (1887). The clearest of all ihese 

 Stalemeuts is, as far as it goes, that of Prince. 



