THE PERCEPTION OF THINGS. Ill 



tailed, steady, abrupt, and spontaneous, in the sense that 

 all feeling of our own activity in producing them is lacking. 

 Dr. Kandiusky had a patient who, after taking opium or 

 liaschisch, had abundant pseudo-hallucinations and hallu- 

 cinations. As he also had strong visualizing power and 

 was an educated physician, the three sorts of phenomena 

 could be easil}' compared. Although projected outwards 

 (usually not farther than the limit of distinctest vision, a 

 ioot or so) the pseudo-hallucinations lacked the character of 

 objective reality which the hallucinations possessed, but, 

 unlike the pictures of imagination, it was almost impossible 

 to produce them at will. Most of the ' voices ' which people 

 Jiear (whether they give rise to delusions or not) are pseudo- 

 liallucinations. They are described as 'inner' voices, al- 

 though their character is entirely unlike the inner speech 

 of the subject with himself. I know two persons who hear 

 such inner voices making unforeseen remarks whenever they 

 grow quiet and listen for them. They are a very common 

 incident of delusional insanity, and at last grow into vivid 

 hallucinations. The latter are comparatively frequent oc- 

 currences in sporadic form ; and certain individuals are 

 liable to have them often. From the results of the ' Census 

 of Hallucinations,' which was begun by Edmund Gurney, it 

 would appear that, roughly speaking, one person at least 

 in every ten is likely to have had a vivid hallucination at 

 some time in his life.* The following cases from healthy 

 people will give an idea of what these hallucinations are : 



"When a girl of eighteen, I was one evening engaged in a very 

 painful discussion with an elderly person. My distress was so great 

 that I took up a thick ivory knitting-needle that was lying on the man- 

 telpiece of the parlor and broke it into small pieces as I talked. In the 

 midst of the discussion T was very wishful to know the opinion of a 

 brother with whom I had an unusually close relationship. I turned 

 round and saw him sitting at the further side of a centre- table, with his 

 arms folded (an unusual position with him), but, to my dismay, I per- 



* See Proceedings of Soc, for Psych. Research, Dec. 1889, pp. 7, 183. 

 The luternational Congress for Experimental Psychology has now charge 

 of the Census, and the present writer is its agent for America. 



