130 PSYCHO LOOT. 



the false appearance,* nor does the latter always disappeai" 

 when the eyes are closed. Dr. Hack Tuke t gives several 

 examples in sane people of well-exteriorized hallucinations 

 which did not respond to Binet's tests ; and Mr. Edmund 

 Gurney % gives a number of reasons why intensity in a cor- 

 tical process may be expected to result from local patho- 

 logical activity just as much as its peculiar nature does. 

 For Binet, an abnormally or exclusively active part of the 

 cortex gives the nature of what shall appear, whilst a pe- 

 ripheral sense-organ alone can give the intensity sufficient to 

 make it appear projected into real space. But since this 

 intensity is after all but a matter of degree, one does not see 

 why, under rare conditions, the degree in question might 

 not be attained by inner causes exclusively. In that case 

 we should have certain hallucinations centrally initiated 

 alongside of the peripherally initiated hallucinations, which 

 are the only sort that M. Binet's theory allows. It seems 

 probable on the ivhole, there/ore, that centrally initiated hallu- 

 cinations can exist. How often they do exist is another ques- 

 tion. The existence of hallucinations which affect more 

 than one sense is an argument for central initiation. For 

 grant that the thing seen ma-y have its starting point in the 

 outer world, the voice which it is heard to utter must be 

 due to an influence from the visual region, i.e. must be of 

 central origin. 



Sporadic cases of hallucination, visiting people only 

 once in a lifetime (which seem to be by far the most fre- 

 quenil'. type), are on any theory hard to understand in detail, 

 Thev are often extraordinarily complete ; and the fact that 

 many of them are reported as veridical, that is, as coincid- 

 ing with real events, such as accidents, deaths, etc., of the 

 persons seen, is an additional complication of the phe- 

 nomenon. The first really scientific study of hallucination 



* Only the other day, in three hypnotized girls, I failed to double as 

 hallucination with a prism. Of course it may not have been a fully- 

 developed hallucination. 



t Brain, xi. 441. 



JMind, X. 161, 316 ; and Phantasms of the Living (1886), i. 470-488. 



