THE EMOTIONS. 443 



ment. One may get angrier in thinking over one's insult 

 than at the moment of receiving it ; and we melt more over 

 a mother who is dead than we ever did when she was living. 

 In the rest of the chapter I shall use the word object of 

 emotion indifferently to mean one wdiich is physically 

 present or one which is merely thought of. 



It would be tedious to go through a complete list of the 

 reactions which characterize the various emotions. For 

 that the special treatises must be referred to. A few ex- 

 amples of their variety, however, ought to find a jjlace 

 here. Let me begin with the manifestations of Grief as 

 a Danish phj siologist, C. Lange, describes them : * 



" The chief feature iu the physiognomy of grief is perhaps its para- 

 lyzing effect on the voluntary movements. This effect is by no means 

 as extreme as that which fright produces, being seldom more than that 

 degree of weakening which makes it cost an effort to perform actions 

 usually done with ease. It is, in other words, a feeling of weariness ; 

 and (as in all weariness) movements are made slowly, heavily, without 

 strength, unwillingly, and with exertion, and are limited to the fewest 

 possible. By this the grieving person gets his outward stamp : he walks 

 slowly, unsteadily, dragging his feet, and hanging his arras. His voice is 

 weak and without resonance, in consequence of the feeble activity of the 

 muscles of expiration and of the larynx. He prefers to sit still, sunk in 

 himself and silent. The tonicity or ' latent innervation ' of the muscles 

 is strikingly diminished. The neck is bent, the head hangs ('bowed 

 down ' with grief), the relaxation of the cheek- and jaw-muscles makes 

 the face look long and narrow, the jaw may even hang open. The eyes 

 appear large, as is always the case where the orbicularis muscle is para- 

 lyzed, but they may often be partly covered by the upper lid which 

 droops in consequence of the laming of its own levator. With this 

 condition of weakness of the voluntary nerve- and muscle-apparatus 

 of the whole body, there coexists, as aforesaid, just as in all states of 

 similar motor weakness, a subjective feeling of weariness and heavi- 

 ness, of something which weighs upon one; one feels 'downcast,' 

 'oppressed,' 'laden,' one speaks of his ' weight of sorrow,' one must 

 ' bear up ' under it, just as one must ' keep down ' his anger. Many 

 there are who ' succumb ' to sorrow to such a degree that they literally 

 cannot stand upright, but sink or lean against surrounding objects, fall 

 on their knees, or, like Eomeo iu the monk's cell, throw themselves 

 upon the earth in their despair. 



' ' But this weakness of the entire voluntary motor apparatus (the 

 so-called apparatus of ' animal ' life) is only one side of the physiology 

 of grief. Another side, hardly less important, and in its consequences 



*UeberGemuthsbewegungen, uebersetztvon H. Kurella (Leipzig, 1887). 



