THE EMOTIONS. 447 



ly or must fail to act and faintness ensue ; there is a death-like pallor ; 

 the breathing is labored ; the wings of the nostrils are widely dilated ; 

 there is a gasping and convulsive motion of the lips, a tremor on the 

 hollow cheek, a gulping and catching of the throat ; the uncovered and 

 protruding eyeballs are fixed on the object of terror ; or they may roll 

 restlessly from side to side, hue illuc volens oculos totumque pererrat. 

 The pupils are said to be enormously dilated. All the muscles of the 

 body may become rigid or may be thrown into convulsive movements. 

 The hands are alternately clenched and opened, often with a twitching 

 movement. The arms may be protruded as if to avert some dreadful 

 danger, or may be thrown wildly over the head. The Eev. Mr. Hagen- 

 auer has seen this latter action in a terrified Australian. In other cases 

 there is a sudden and uncontrollable tendency to headlong flight ; and 

 so strong is this that the boldest soldiers may be seized with a sudden 

 panic."* 



Finally take Hatred, and read the synopsis of its possible 

 effects as given by Sig. Mantegazza : t 



"Withdrawal of the head backwards, withdrawal of the trunk; 

 projection forwards of the hands, as if to defend one's self against the 

 hated object ; contraction or closure of the eyes ; elevation of the upper 

 lip and closure of the nose, — these are all elementary movements of turn- 

 ing away. Next threatening movements, as : intense frowning ; eyes 

 wide open ; display of teeth ; grinding teeth and contracting jaws ; 

 opened mouth with tongue advanced ; clenched fists ; threatening action 

 of arms ; stamping with the feet ; deep inspirations — panting ; growling 

 and various cries ; automatic repetition of one word or syllable ; sud- 

 den weakness and trembling of voice ; spitting. Finally, various mis- 

 cellaneous reactions and vaso-motor symptoms: general trembling ; con- 

 vulsions of lips and facial muscles, of limbs and of trunk; acts of violence 

 to one's self, as biting fist or nails ; sardonic laughter ; bright redness 

 of face ; sudden pallor of face ; extreme dilatation of nostrils ; stand- 

 ing up of hair on head." 



Were we to go through the whole list of emotions which 

 have been named by men, and stud}' their organic mani- 

 festations, we should but ring the changes on the elements 

 which these three typical cases involve. Rigidity of this 

 muscle, relaxation of that, constriction of arteries here, dila- 

 tation there, breathing of this sort or that, pulse slowing 

 or quickening, this gland secreting and that one dry, etc., 

 etc. We should, moreover, find that our descriptions had no 



* Origin of the Emotions, Darwin, pp. 290-2. 



i La Pbysiouomie et I'Expressiou deii Sentiments (Paris, 1885), p. 140. 



