478 PSTCHOLOOT. 



effects upon the face have received the most careful atten- 

 tion. The reader who wishes details additional to those 

 given above on pp. 443-7 is referred to the works men- 

 tioned in the note below.* 



As regards question 2, some little progress has of recent 

 years been made in answering it. Two things are certain : 



a. The facial muscles of expression are not given us 

 simply for expression's sake ;f 



h. Each muscle is not affected to some one emotion ex- 

 clusively, as certain writers have thought. 



Some movements of expression can be accounted for 

 as weakened repetitions of movements ivhich formerly (when 

 they were stronger) were of utility to the subject. Others 

 ;are similarly weakened repetitions of movements which 

 under other conditions were physiologically necessary effects. 

 Of the latter reactions the respiratory disturbances in 

 anger and fear might be taken as examples — organic 

 reminiscences, as it were, reverberations in imagination 

 of the blowings of the man making a series of combative 

 efforts, of the pantings of one in precipitate flight. Such 

 at least is a suggestion made by Mr. Spencer which has 

 found approval. And he also was the first, so far as I 

 /know, to suggest that other movements in anger and fear 

 could be explained by the nascent excitation of formerly 

 useful acts. 



" To have in a slight degree," he says, " such psychical states as ac- 

 company the reception of wounds, and are experienced during flight, is 

 to be in a state of what we call fear. And to have in a slight degree 

 such psychical states as the processes of catching, killing, and eating 

 imply, is to have the desires to catch, kill, and eat. That the pro- 

 pensities to the acts are nothing else than nascent excitations of the 



* A list of the older writings on the subject is given in Mantegazza's 

 work, La Physionomie et 1 'Expression, chap, i ; others in Darwin's first 

 chapter. Bell's Anatomy of Expression, Mosso's La Paura, Piderit's 

 Wissenschaftliches System der Mimik und Physiognomik, Duchenue's 

 Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine, are, besides Lange and Darwin, 

 the most useful works with which I am acquainted. Compare also Sully: 

 Sensation and Intuition, chap. ii. 



f One must remember, however, that just in so far forth as sexual 

 selection may have played a part in determining the human organism, selec- 

 tion of expressive faces must have increased the average mobility of the 

 human countenance. 



