482 PSYCHOLOGY. 



It is now evoked where the stimulus is only an unwelcome 

 idea. Similarly the nod forward in affirmation is after the 

 analogy of taking food into the mouth. The connection of 

 the expression of moral or social disdain or dislike, es- 

 pecially in women, with movements having a perfectly dej&- 

 nite original olfactory function, is too obvious for comment 

 Winking is the effect of any threatening surprise, not only 

 of what puts the eyes in danger ; and a momentary aver- 

 sion of the eyes is very apt to be one's first symptom of re- 

 sponse to an unexpectedly unwelcome proposition. — These 

 may suffice as examples of movements expressive from 

 analogy. 



But if certain of our emotional reactions can be ex- 

 plained by the two principles invoked — and the reader will 

 himself have felt how conjectural and fallible in some of 

 the instances the explanation is — there remain many reac- 

 tions which cannot so be explained at all, and these we must 

 write down for the present as purely idiopathic effects of 

 the stimulus. Amongst them are the effects on the viscera 

 and internal glands, the dryness of the mouth and diar- 

 rhoea and nausea of fear, the liver-disturbances which some- 

 times produce jaundice after excessive rage, the urinary 

 secretion of sanguine excitement, and the bladder-contrac- 

 tion of apprehension, the gaping of expectancy, the 'lump 

 in the throat ' of grief, the tickling there and the swallow- 

 ing of embarrassment, the 'precordial' anxiety' of dread, 

 the changes in the puj)il, the various sweatings of the skin, 

 cold or hot, local or general, and its flushings, together 

 with other symptoms which probably exist but are too 

 hidden to have been noticed or named. It seems as if even 

 the changes of blood-pressure and heart-beat during emo- 

 tional excitement might, instead of being teleologically de- 

 termined, prove to be purely mechanical or physiological 

 outpourings through the easiest drainage-channels — the 

 pneumogastrics and sympathetic nerves happening under 

 ordinary circumstances to be such channels, 



trusion of the lips {der prufende Zvg) which goes with all sorts of dubious 

 and questioning states of mind is derived by Dr. Piderit from the tasting 

 movement which we can see on any one's mouth when deciding whether a 

 wine is good or not. 



