492 PSYCHOLOGY. 



to follow the latter during its entire movement. All his voluntary 

 movements took place under the unremitting lead of the eye, which as 

 -an indispensable guide, was never untrue to its functions." 



So in tlie Landry case : 



"With his eyes open, he easily opposes the thumb to each of the 

 -other fingers ; with his eyes closed, the movement of opposition occurs, 

 but the thumb only by chance meets the finger which it seeks. With 

 his eyes open he is able, without hesitation, to bring his two hands 

 together ; but when his eyes are closed his hands seek one another in 

 space, and only meet by chance." 



In Charles Bell's well-known old case of ansestliesia the 

 woman could only hold her baby safely in her arms so long 

 as she looked at it. I have myself reproduced a similar 

 condition in two hypnotic subjects whose arm and hand 

 were made ansesthetic without being paralyzed. They could 

 write their names when looking, but not when their eyes 

 were closed. The modern mode of teaching deaf mutes to 

 articulate consists in making them attentive to certain 

 laryngeal, labial, thoracic, and other sensations, the repro- 

 duction of which becomes a guide to their vocalization, 

 formally it is the remoter sensations which we receive by 

 ^he ear which keep us from going astray in our speech. 

 The phenomena of aphasia show this to be the usual case.'^ 



This is perhaps all that need be said about the existence 

 of passive sensations of movement and their indispensable- 

 ness for our voluntary activity. We may consequently set 

 it down as certain that, ivhether or no there be anything else in 

 the mind at the moment ivhen ive consciously tvill a certain act, 

 a mental conception m.ade up of memory -images of these sensa- 

 tions, defining ivhich special act it is, must he there. 



Now is there anything else in the mind when we ivill to do an 

 net ? We must proceed in this chapter from the simpler to 

 the more complicated cases. My first thesis accordingly is, 

 that there need he nothing else, and that in perfectly simple vol- 



* Professor Beaunis found that the accuracy with which a certain tenor 

 sang was not lost when his vocal cords were made anjesthetic by cocain. 

 He concludes that the guiding sensations here are resident in the laryngeal 

 muscles themselves. They are much more probably in the ear. (Beaunis; 

 Les Sensations Internes (1889), p. 253). 



