HYPNOTISM. 615 



second state coexists as well as alternates with the first. 

 Guruey had the brilliant idea of tapping this second con- 

 sciousness by means of the planchette. He found that 

 certain persons, who were both hypnotic subjects and auto- 

 matic writers, would if their hands were placed on a plan- 

 chette (after being wakened from a trance in which they had 

 received the suggestion of something to be done at a later 

 time) write out unconsciously the order, or something con- 

 nected with it. This shows that something inside of them, 

 which could express itself through the hand alone, was 

 continuing to think of the order, and possibly of it alone. 

 These researches have opened a new vista of possible ex- 

 perimental investigations into the so-called ' second ' states 

 of the personality. 



Some subjects seem almost as obedient to suggestion in 

 the waking state as in sleep, or even more so, according to 

 certain observers. Not only muscular phenomena, but 

 changes of personality and hallucinations are recorded as 

 the result of simple affirmation on the operator's part, with- 

 out the j)revious ceremony of 'magnetizing' or putting into 

 the ' mesmeric sleep.' These are all trained subjects, how- 

 ever, so far as I know, and the affirmation must apparently 

 be accompanied by the patient concentrating his attention 

 and gazing, however briefly, into the eyes of the operator. 

 It is probable therefore that an extremely rapidly induced 

 condition of trance is a prerequisite for success in these 

 experiments. 



I have now made mention of all the more important 

 phenomena of the hypnotic trance. Of their therapeutic 

 or forensic bearings this is not the proper place to speak. 

 The recent literature of the subject is quite voluminous, but 

 much of it consists in repetition. The best compendious 

 work on the subject is ' Der Hypnotismus,' by Dr. A. Moll 

 (Berlin, 1889 ; and just translated into English, N. Y., 1890), 

 which is extraordinarily complete and judicious. The other 

 writings most recommendable are subjoined in the note.* 



*Binetand Fere, ' Auimal Masuetism,' ia the International Scientific 

 Series ; A. Bernheim, ' Suggestive Therapeutics ' (N.Y., 1889); J. Lie'geois, 



