676 PSYCHOLOGY. 



Tlie mind has a native structure in this sense, that cer- 

 tain of its objects, if considered together in certain ways, 

 give definite results ; and that no other ways of consider- 

 ing, and no other results, are possible if the same objects 

 be taken. 



The results are ' relations ' which are all expressed by 

 judgments of subsumjition and of comparison. 



The judgments of subsumption are themselves sub- 

 sumed under the laivs of logic. 



Those of comparison are expressed in classifications, and 

 in the sciences of arithmetic and geometry. 



Mr. Spencer's opinion that our consciousness of classifi- 

 catory, logical, and mathematical relations between ideas is 

 due to the frequency with which the corresponding ' outer 

 relations ' have impressed our minds, is unintelligible. 



Our consciousness of these relations, no doubt, has a 

 natural genesis. But it is to be sought rather in the inner 

 forces which have made the brain grow, than in any mere 

 paths of * frequent ' association which outer stimuli may 

 havG ploughed in that organ. 



But let our sense for these relations have arisen as it 

 may, the relations themselves form a fixed system of lines 

 of cleavage, so to speak, in the mind, by which we naturally 

 pass from one object to another ; and the objects connected 

 by these lines of cleavage are often not connected by any 

 regular time- and space-associations. We distinguish, 

 therefore, between the empirical order of things, and this 

 their rational order of comparison ; and, so far as possible, 

 we seek to translate the former into the latter, as being the 

 more congenial of the two to our intellect. 



Any classification of things into kinds (especially if the 

 kinds form series, or if they successively involve each 

 other) is a more rational way of conceiving the things than 

 is that mere juxtaposition or separation of them as indi- 

 viduals in time and space which is the order of their crude 

 perception. Any assimilation of things to terms between 

 which such classificatory relations, with their remote and 

 mediate transactions, obtain, is a way of bringing the things 

 into a more rational scheme. 



Solids in motion are such terms ; and the mechanical 



