682 PSYCHOLOO 7. 



threw himself spontaneously into the begging attitude. 

 DarAvin tells of a French orphan-child, brought up out of 

 France, yet shrugging like his ancestors.* 



Musical ability often increases from generation to gen- 

 eration in the families of musicians. 



The hereditarily epileptic guinea-pigs of Brown-Se- 

 quard, whose parents had become epileptic through surgical 

 operations on the spinal cord or sciatic nerve. The adults 

 often lose some of their hind toes, and the young, in addi- 

 tion to being epileptic, are frequently born with the corre- 

 sponding toes lacking. The offspring of guinea-pigs whose 

 cervical sympathetic nerve has been cut on one side will 

 have the ear larger, the eyeball smaller, etc., just like their 

 parents after the operation. Puncture of the ' restiform 

 body ' of the medulla will, in the same animal, congest and 

 enlarge one eye, and cause gangrene of one ear. In the 

 young of such parents the same symptoms occur. 



Physical refinement, delicate hands and feet, etc., ap- 

 pear in families well-bred and rich for several generations. 



The ' nervous ' temperament also develops in the de- 

 scendants of sedentary brain-working people. 



Inebriates produce offspring in various ways degener- 

 ate. 



Nearsightedness is produced by indoor occupation for 

 generations. It has been found in Europe much more fre- 

 quent among schoolchildren in towns than among children 

 of the same age in the country. 



These latter cases are of the inheritance of structural 

 rather than of functional peculiarities. But as structure 

 gives rise to function it may be said that the principle is 

 the same. Amongst other inheritances of adaptivef struc- 

 tural change may be mentioned : 



The ' Yankee ' type. 



Scrofula, rickets, and other diseases of bad conditions 

 of life. 



* Expression of Emotions (K Y.), p. 287. 



f ' Adaptive ' changes are those produced by the direct effect of out- 

 ward conditions on an organ or organism. Sunburned complexion, horny 

 hands, muscular toughness, are illustrations. 



