Table 3. Major Factors for Deep Ocean Concreting 
Concrete 
Concrete materials' characteristics 
Concrete mixture proportioning 
Fresh concrete characteristics (water retention capability; 
density; consistency as measured by slump, flow table or other 
means; changes under high pressure) 
Behavior of concrete after discharge underwater at seafloor (flow; 
angle of repose; degree of consolidation; formation of laitance; 
time to initial set; temperature rise; strength when hardened) 
Flow Characteristics 
Discharge rate (cu yd/hour) 
Type of flow (plug, laminar or turbulent) 
Velocity of flow 
Resistance to flow ('"'friction head loss") 
Blockage of pipe 
Pipe 
Strength (tensile, burst, collapse) 
Weight 
Internal diameter 
Internal smoothness, including smoothness at joints 
Environment 
Hydrostatic pressure 
Temperature 
System and Operational Considerations 
Ocean platform; weight and pipe handling equipment; positioning 
systems; concreting equipment; materials storage; concreting, 
pipehandling, and ship's crew; total weight of deployed pipeline 
filled with concrete 
Application Requirements 
Purpose of concreting 
Concrete considerations (total quantity of concrete; dimensions 
and shape; forms) 
Site considerations (water depth; seafloor characteristics; 
geographical location; weather and sea state) 
Costs 
Costs of concrete in place (including costs of the total operation 
for the given application) 
Comparative costs of in situ concreting compared to alternatives 
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