barrier which is effective for damping action. A barrier with a wave 

 deflector was found especially effective for high steepness waves. 



103. KUBO, M., et al., "Changes in a Beach Caused by Detached Break- 

 waters," PToceed-trigs of the 23d Conference on Coastal Engineering 

 in Japan^ Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 1976, pp. 223-228 



(in Japanese) , 



Keywords: Accretion, Detached breakwater. Segmented breakwater, Torabolo 



104. KURODA, S., "The Coastal Protection Works in the Port of Niigata," 

 Report to SII-QI (New Designs of Breakwaters with Vertical Sides 

 and of Structures with Sloping Faces: (a) for Port Protection, 

 (b) for Shore Protection) , XVIIIth International Navigation Con- 

 gress, Rome, 1953, pp. 151-167. 



Keywords: Accretion, Concrete structures. Currents, Detached breakwater. 

 Foundation design. Gabions, Japan (Niigata), Littoral trans- 

 port. Local scour. Permeable breakwater. Structural dimensions. 

 Structural stability. Structure settlement. Submerged break- 

 water. Wave pressure 



The shoreline near the Shinano River at Niigata has retreated as 

 much as 10 meters per year for the last 25 years. This has necessitated 

 the development of a system of combined protective works instead of indi- 

 vidual structures placed in an uncoordinated manner. Because of unsatis- 

 factory performance of groins, prototype tests on detached submerged 

 breakwaters were conducted using gabionlike, wire-cage breakwaters, hollow 

 concrete structures, and cellular concrete caissons filled with rock. 

 Results of these tests are presented. 



105. LABORATOIRE CENTRAL D 'HYDRAULIQUE DE FRANCE, "Plages et Littoraux 

 Artificiels" (Artificial Beaches and Littorals), 1972. 



Keywords: Beach fill, Compartmented breakwater. Currents, Detached 

 breakwater, Downdrift beaches. Environmental concerns, 

 France (Beaulieu, La Bocca, La Bravette, Carnon, La Croisette, 

 Ete, Golfe Juan, Grau du Roi, La Gravette, Mourillon Beach- 

 Toulon, Pen Bron, Pointe de Grave, Port Canto, Prado Beach- 

 Marseilles, La Rague, and Sablettes-Menton) , Hydraulic model 

 (three-dimensional). Littoral transport, Monaco (Larvotto 

 Beach-Monte Carlo), Morocco (Agadir) , Movable bed. Sediment 

 sizes. Structural dimensions. Submerged breakwater, Tombolo, 

 Wave attenuation. Wave diffraction 



A manual dealing with the engineering considerations involved in 

 creating and retaining sand beaches . Littoral processes are reviewed 

 and possible structural alternatives to be used in conjunction with or 

 without beach fills are described. These structures include groins, 

 T-groins, alveolar (compartmented) beaches, diffraction cones, and de- 

 tached breakwaters. Numerous case histories are illustrated. 



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