106. LARSEN, O.J.F., "Large Scale Coastal Protection or (Headland Pro- 

 tection)," Noble Engineering Company, Newport Beach, Calif., May 

 1960. 



Keywords: Artificial headlands, Economic analysis, Littoral transport. 

 Wave diffraction. Wave refraction 



The present way of maintaining the beaches by artificial supply of 

 material should include an investigation of the possibility of decreasing, 

 without adverse effects, the transport of material away from the beaches. 

 An idea of coastal protection called "Headland Protection" is presented. 

 This is a systematic, possibly improved, application of the principle 

 after which most coastlines are more or less protected naturally. The 

 economical feasibility depends on measures to decrease the costs involved 

 in construction of structures in deeper water. Two different ideas for 

 .such measures are presented. A research program is also suggested. 



107. LE BLOND, P.H., "On the Formation of Spiral Beaches," Proaeedings 

 of the ISth Conference on Coastal Engineering, American Society of 

 Civil Engineers, Vol. 2, 1972, pp. 1331-1345. 



Keywords: Crenulate-shaped bay, Currents, Littoral transport. Numerical 

 model 



The theory of wave-induced longshore currents is applied to prob- 

 lems of beach erosion. An erosion equation is derived, relating the 

 local erosion (or deposition) rate to the form of the beach and to the 

 characteristics of the incoming wave field. A numerical integration 

 technique of the erosion equation is discussed. A specific example, that 

 of a linear coastline which has gradually eroded into a spiral-shaped 

 beach in the lee of a headland, is examined. 



108. LEEDS, C.T., "Shore Protection at Venice, California," Professional 

 Memoirs, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C., Vol. 8, 

 No. 27, 1916, pp. 42-58. 



Keywords: Accretion, California (Venice), Currents, Detached breakwater, 

 Downdrift beaches. Environmental concerns. Littoral transport. 

 Segmented breakwater. Wave attenuation 



The problem of beach erosion at Venice is examined and structural 

 solutions are suggested. The historical causes for the problem are out- 

 lined and existing structures which have worsened the situation are 

 identified. Of particular interest is the Windward Avenue pier which 

 is protected by a detached breakwater. Segmented, detached breakwaters 

 were rejected as a possible solution because of aesthetic and economic 

 reasons. Groins and a seawall were selected as the best engineering 

 alternative. 



109. LEPETIT, J. P., and MOREAU, S., "Study of an Artificial Island," 

 Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Coastal Engineering, American 

 Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 4, 1976, pp. 3526-3535. 



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