Keywords: Beach fill. Concrete structures. Continuous breakwater. Cur- 

 rents, Foundation design, Hydraulic model (two-dimensional). 

 Structural dimensions. Structural stability, Submerged break- 

 water, U.S.S.R. (Crimea and Odessa), Wave attenuation. Wave 

 pressure. Wave setup 



The knowledge of the nature of currents in the coastal zone is 

 important for the successful completion of many design problems. The 

 choice of approach channel tracks and the drifting of those channels are 

 typical problems that require an understanding of coastal currents. Arti- 

 ficial beaches have been maintained along the Black Sea coast through the 

 use of submerged, concrete breakwaters constructed parallel to shore. 

 Design considerations are outlined. 



115. LONGUET-HIGGINS, M.S., "On the Trapping of Wave Energy Round 

 Islands," JoiimaZ of Fluid Mechanics^ Vol. 29, Pt. 4, Sept. 1967, 

 pp. 781-821. 



Keywords: Offshore island. Wave setup 



Islands can trap long -wave energy in a way similar to the capture 

 of a particle of an atomic nucleus. The frequencies of the captured 

 waves form a discrete set and are determined by the shape of the island 

 and the contours of the surrounding seabed. If the depth at great dis- 

 tances tends to a constant value, the trapped modes leak some energy to 

 infinity, though the consequent rate of decay may be exceedingly small. 

 The initial energy of the trapped modes may be absorbed from incident 

 radiation of the same frequency or from a sharp pulse. The particular 

 example of a rectilinear pulse incident on a circular island is discussed 

 in some detail. 



116. LONGUET-HIGGINS, M.S., "On the Wave-Induced Difference in Mean Sea 

 Level Between the Two Sides of a Submerged Breakwater," Journal of 

 Marine Researoh^ Vol. 25, No. 2, Feb. 1967, pp. 148-153. 



Keywords: Submerged breakwater, Wave reflection. Wave setup. Wave 

 transmission 



Simple formulas are derived for the difference in mean level 

 between the two sides of a submerged breakwater when waves are incident 

 at an arbitrary angle. The formulas apply also to waves undergoing re- 

 fraction due to changes in depth and to waves in open channel transitions . 



117. LYZLOV, L.A., "Experimental Investigations of Various Types of 

 Coastal Protective Underwater Breakwaters," Trudy Okeanograficheskoi 

 Komissii, Vol. 12, 1961. 



118. LYZLOV, L.A., "Sea Submerged Breakwaters," Transportnoe Stroitstvo, 

 No. 5, 1962, pp. 42-44 (in Russian). 



Keywords: Concrete structures. Submerged breakwater 



119. LYZLOV, L.A., "Calculation of Underwater Coast Reinforcement Break- 

 waters for Wave Damping," Trudy Akademiianauk, Estonskoi, U.S.S.R., 

 1966. 



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